This dataset details the types of pollen collected by honey bees located on the grounds of two ornamental plant nurseries in Connecticut. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Stoner, K., A. Nurse, R. Richardson, R. Koethe, and D. Lehmann. Where Does Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Pollen Come from? A Study of Pollen Collected from Colonies at Ornamental Plant Nurseries. Insects. MDPI, Basel, SWITZERLAND, 13(8): 744, (2022).

,Pollen data from the manuscript titled: Identity and diversity of pollens collected by two managed bee species while in blueberry fields for pollination, published in Environmental Entomology. Pollen was collected from honey bee (Apis mellifera) and bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) forager returning to the colony, while in commercial highbush blueberry fields in SW Michigan for crop pollination. Pollen was identified visually using morphological features.,Funding also provided by Project GREEEN award GR18-038. Project GREEEN, Michigan’s plant agriculture initiative housed at Michigan State University, is a cooperative effort by plant-based commodity groups and businesses in cooperation with Michigan State University AgBioResearch, Michigan State University Extension and the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development to advance Michigan’s economy through plant-based agriculture.,

These data were collected as part of RARE project with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. For this work, pollen was collected from honey bee colonies located at two ornamental plant nurseries in Connecticut. The pollen was analyzed for pesticide residues (type and quantity). Aggregate risk quotients for honey bee adults and larvae were calculated using these data. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Hester, K., K. Stoner, B. Eitzer, R. Koethe, and D. Lehmann. Pesticide Residues in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Pollen collected in Two Ornamental Plant Nurseries in Connecticut: Implications for Bee Health and Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 333: 122037, (2023).

This study generated genetic 'metabarcode' data using high-throughput sequencing to characterize pollen foraging behavior of pollinating bee species on managed field habitat within units of the National Park Service. Specimens were collected within parks of the National Capital Region from 2021-2023 and subsequently identified to species or genus. DNA was then extracted from specimens using leg samples if pollen was adherent to the corbiculae ("pollen baskets") of corbiculate bees, otherwise using whole-body samples. This data release consists of three tab-delimited files and a file of DNA sequences: 1) sample.metadata.txt includes sample identifiers and the accessions they have been assigned by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the authoritative repository for publicly funded genetic data in the United States. These accessions can be used individually to obtain raw sequencing data or sample information at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Alternatively, the BioProject accession PRJNA1236404 can be searched to retrieve the full set of data and sample accessions listed in the file. Entity and attribute metadata are provided for this file herein. 2) ITS2.raw.pollen.counts.txt includes the inferred taxon counts at the ITS2 locus, i.e. number of ITS2 sequences in a sample attributable to each identified taxon in each sample. 3. potential.contaminants.txt lists plant taxa that were over-represented in negative controls samples within a particular sequence run. Values for these plant taxa in these runs should either be zeroed-out or adjusted based on a statistical model to account for potential sample contamination. Censoring data based on results in negative controls is a standard practice in metabarcoding. Many samples in this study were very small and/or had no visible pollen, which increases the potential for contamination as the endogenous DNA concentration is expected to be very low in these cases. 3) reference.db.fas contains the plant reference DNA sequences used for taxonomic assignment of the pollen sample sequences.

This data release is for all native bee and plant records collected at four national parks in Maryland and Virginia, 2021 and 2022. The purpose of the study was to document the floral resources and native bees that depend on them within variously-managed park grasslands, with the goal of providing managers with information that will help them maximize pollinator habitat while concurrently meeting other management objectives. The zip file "Bee_and_Plant_Metadata_NPS2021-2022.7z" contains two metadata records: 1) "Battlefield_Bees_metadata_08.07.2024.xml" contains all native bee data, and 2. "Battlefield_Plants_metadata_08.07.2024.xml" contains all plant data.

This data release is for all native bee and plant records collected at four national parks in Maryland and Virginia, 2021 and 2022. The purpose of the study was to document the floral resources and native bees that depend on them within variously-managed park grasslands, with the goal of providing managers with information that will help them maximize pollinator habitat while concurrently meeting other management objectives. The zip file "Bee_and_Plant_Metadata_NPS2021-2022.7z" contains two metadata records: 1) "Battlefield_Bees_metadata_08.07.2024.xml" contains all native bee data, and 2. "Battlefield_Plants_metadata_08.07.2024.xml" contains all plant data.

,In 2014–2022, USDA-ARS Tucson, AZ, by itself and in collaboration with other precision apiculture (PA) research programs, including the PA program at Utah State University, and several commercial operations, acquired a large reservoir of multi-sensor data, including thousands of frame photographs and sensor measurements, from field experiments with managed honey bee colonies. This reservoir is a loose collection of hive frame photos, CSV files, spreadsheets, and hive inspection text logs. Our project explores and exploits this reservoir and makes public its curated subsets. This dataset is the first such subset we curated in 2024-25 under USDA-NIFA Award 205732 "DSFAS - Exploration and Exploitation of the 2014-2022 USDA-ARS Tucson, AZ Digital Data Reservoir of Field Experiments with Managed Honey Bee Colonies.",The zipped directory ANNOTATED_HIVE_FRAMES includes 13 image subdirectories with annotated images.,1) 2013_07_28_CHBRC -- 57 Files,2) 2014_07_30_12_CHBRC -- 111 Files,3) 2015_02_11_MAC_RR -- 660 Files,4) 2016_03_30_HOOPS -- 153 Files,5) 2017_02_01_SRER_BEAR_CAGE -- 87 Files,6) 2018_02_13_SRER_SC_complete_3_9_25 -- 195 Files,7) 2018_04_18_SRER_SC_Methoxy -- 366 Files,8) 2019_07_11_SRER_BC_Neonic -- 60 Files,9) 2020_02_27_RR_Hive_Directions -- 36 Files,10) 2021_06_08_CHBRC_VLAD -- 282 Files,11) 2021_09_27_RR_ColdStor -- 855 Files,12) 2021_02_11_CT_ColdStor -- 111 Files,13) 2014_12_15_50_CHBRC --- 30 files,The name of each subfolder includes a year, a month, and a date on which the frame photos were taken, followed by the location of the apiary where the photos were taken. The de-abbreviations are as follows:,CHBRC -- Carl Hayden Bee Research Center,MAC -- Maricopa Agriculture Center,RR -- Red Rock Agriculture Center,HOOPS -- one of the apiaries at CHBRC,SRER -- Santa Rita Experimental Range,SRER -- Shipping Corrals,CT -- Cow Town,Each of the 13 subdirectories has three subsubdirectories: PNG/, XML/, TXT/.,PNG/ -- hive frame photos in PNG format;,XML/ -- XML annotations of images in PNG/ with LabelImg,TXT/ -- TXT annotations of images in PNG/ for YOLO training,Thus, in each of the 13 folders, each PNG image has two annotation files. E.g.,,2020_02_27_RR_Hive_Directions_IMG_2540_VK.PNG,2020_02_27_RR_Hive_Directions_IMG_2540_VK.xml,2020_02_27_RR_Hive_Directions_IMG_2540_VK.txt,Each PNG is annotated for the following categories:,(1) CappedHoneyCell,(2) CappedWorkerBroodCell,(3) EmptyCombCell,(4) PollenCell,(5) UncappedNectarCell,(6) UncappedWorkerLarvaCell,(7) BeeHiveFrame,The counts on the number of annotated region of interest (ROI) images are as follows:,CappedHoneyCell: 19,723,CappedWorkerBroodCell: 21,456,EmptyCombCell: 20,655,PollenCell: 13,406,UncappedNectarCell: 11,009,UncappedWorkerLarvaCell: 18,283,BeeHiveFrame: 1001,Each such ROI can be extracted into a separate image and used in training machine learning algorithms.,The subdirectory SRC/ contains two Python scripts that can convert XML to TXT and TXT to XML: xml_to_txt_converter.py and txt_to_xml_converter.py.,USDA_ARZ_DATA_YOLO_19june2025.zip is a 3GB zip version of these images prepared for YOLO training. It is available at https://usu.box.com/s/dh75xkinwfyl3sqgb9vugy1ahf6z9mrh.,SRC/ also contains the following Python scripts that we used for training YOLO networks:,(a) train_valid_split.py -- splits all alldata.txt in USDA_ARZ_DATA_YOLO_19june2025.zip into train.txt and valid.txt for YOLO training.,(b) tune_y8n.py --- tunes YOLOv8-nano,(c) tune_y8s.py --- tunes YOLOv8-small,(d) tune_y11n.py -- tunes YOLOv11-nano,(e) tune_y11s.py -- tunes YOLOv11-small,The folder METADATA/ contains two files: METADATA.txt and PapersDataSets_DrMeikle.xlsx. These files provide the metadata on the the USDA-ARS Tucson, AZ reservoir.,

Excel file with processed data used to generate each figure in the manuscript. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Camp, A., M. Batres, W. Williams, R. Koethe, K. Stoner, and D. Lehmann. Effects of the neonicotinoid acetamiprid in pollen on Bombus impatiens microcolony development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, USA, 39(12): 2560-2569, (2020).