Data for the study include restricted access and non-restricted access files. Restricted access files include individual children's blood lead data from six states, property assessment data from Zillow, Inc., and Census tract characteristics processed by GeoLytics. Information on how to obtain restricted access files is given in the supporting document "data sources for ScienceHub.docx". Non-restricted access files available here include contaminated site locations and characteristics (Superfund, brownfields, and RCRA sites), ambient air lead concentrations, state-month average temperatures, and vehicle miles traveled in 1980. Citation information for this dataset can be found in the EDG's Metadata Reference Information section and Data.gov's References section.

We linked information on SLL at residential properties with children’s BLLs, grouping children based on whether they had pre- and/or post-remediation BLLs. Our data includes PII and we have a data use agreement that was negotiated between the Douglas County Health Department and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This agreement states that, “Upon completion of this work described herein, all Restricted Data records shall be destroyed or returned … within 30 days of the completion of the work. In addition, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocol (UNC-IRB No. 15-1629) further outlines how the confidentiality of the data will be protected during analysis. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Please contact Ellen Kirrane at kirrane.ellen@epa.gov. Format: Data is in tabular format. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Ye, D., J. Brown, D. Umbach, J. Adams, W. Thayer, M. Follansbee, and E. Kirrane. Estimating the effects of soil remediation on children’s blood lead near a former lead smelter in Omaha Nebraska, U.S.. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 130(3): 037008 1-17, (2022).

Relationship Between Total and Biaccessible Lead on Children's Blood Lead Levles in Urban Residential Philadelphia Soils. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: These data are from a human study collected under IRB protocol: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC IRB Approval #6611, "John T. Lewis Community Childhood Blood Lead Prevalence and Health Housing) and the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH). As such, it is a violation of Federal Law to publish them. Format: These data are from a Regional study in Philadelphia. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH). This dataset is associated with the following publication: Bradham, K., C. Nelson, J. Kelly, A. Pomales, K. Scruto, T. Dignam, J. Misenheimer, K. Li, D. Obenour, and D. Thomas. Relationship Between Total and Bioaccessible Lead on Children’s Blood Lead Levels in Urban Residential Philadelphia Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 51(17): 10005-10011, (2017).

This is the dataset used for the U.S. lead exposure risk hotspot analysis in Zartarian et al., 2024, ES&T. The data dictionary files explain the contents of the 2 included zipped data folders. The Figures 1&2 zipped folder contains the data for Figures 1 and 2, the Supplement A figures, and the data for all tables in the paper. The Supplement B zipped folder contains the Random Forest modeling methodology in Supplement B and corresponding data. This folder also includes the full national dataset version of Random Forest model version 1 and 2 used in the analysis (in .csv format). This dataset is associated with the following publication: Zartarian Morrison, V., J. Xue, A. Poulakos, R. Tornero-Velez, L. Stanek, E. Snyder, V. Helms Garrison, K. Egan, and J. Courtney. A U.S. Lead Exposure Hotspots Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 7(7): 3311-3321, (2024).

Lead is a neurotoxin commonly found in our daily lives. While lead has been eliminated from gasoline, household paint, and solder, you can still be exposed to lead from many different sources including dust containing lead from pre-1978 lead paint, paint chips, contaminated soils, water, ceramic plates, bowls, and glasses, and imported candy, toys, cosmetics, and jewelry Lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has indicated that no safe blood lead level in children has been identified. Even low levels of lead in blood have been shown to affect IQ, ability to pay attention, academic achievement, and other behavioral issues. As of January 1, 2018, Allegheny County requires every child under age six to be tested for lead exposure. The first of two tests will be conducted when a child is approximately 9-12 months old, and the second test will take place around the child’s second birthday. According to the Allegheny County Health Department, 53% of County children born in 2016 were tested for lead between the ages of nine to 12 months. This share has risen from 30% of County children born in 2009. Children are initially tested with a capillary, or “finger prick” blood test. If an elevated level of lead is found, a venous blood test will be administered to confirm the result. For more information on the testing methods, please see the Allegheny County Health Department’s Lead Exposure in Allegheny County report, released in September, 2018. The Allegheny County Health Department currently treats confirmed blood lead level tests with 5 µg/dL or more of lead as elevated. This measurement is based on the CDC’s reference level for public health action, established in May 2012. If a child under age 6 tests with a confirmed blood lead level of 5 µg/dl and above, ACHD offers a free home inspection. The goal of this inspection, along with XRF readings, sampling of dust, soil, and water, is to help identify any sources of lead exposure in the home. The inspection includes identifying possible alternative sources of lead exposure from jewelry, toys, cosmetics, parent occupations and/or hobbies. Inspectors also educate the family about how good nutrition can mitigate absorption of lead and immediate steps the family can take to reduce lead exposure in the home. ACHD also offers free lead testing for the uninsured or underinsured at its Immunization clinic, and at WIC offices in McKeesport and Wilkinsburg. The Allegheny Lead Safe Homes Program currently provides free home repairs to keep families safe from lead paint. This program will test for lead-based paint in the home and will aid with repairs and prevention education to Allegheny County homeowners or renters who meet income requirements and whose home is built before 1978. All work is done in a lead-safe manner. Eligible residents must either have a child under 6 years or a pregnant woman in the household. For additional information about how to use this data accurately and responsibly, please refer to the County's [data guide](https://data.wprdc.org/dataset/26a17866-0b8b-4eb6-bc0c-6ebcfdd19741/resource/a8f69277-6328-4421-a508-8b2100d753e3/download/wprdc-lead-data-guide.pdf) Information appearing in this description was drawn from the following sources: Lead Exposure in Allegheny County (September 2018 [pdf report](https://alleghenycounty.us/uploadedFiles/Allegheny_Home/Health_Department/Programs/Special_Initiatives/Lead/Lead-paper-9-6-final.pdf)) Allegheny County Health Department’s Lead Exposure Prevention ([Website](https://alleghenycounty.us/Health-Department/Programs/Special-Initiatives/Lead/Lead-Exposure-Prevention.aspx)) Allegheny County Health Department’s Lead Testing ([Website]( https://alleghenycounty.us/Health-Department/Programs/Special-Initiatives/Lead/Testing.aspx)) Data about lead in Allegheny County ([Website](

Longitudinal environmental Pb concentration data, children's blood Pb levels, bioavailability information and estimated soil and dust ingestion rates by age for children exposed to Pb at the BHSS. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Through a request to TerraGraphics. Format: Longitudinal environmental Pb concentration data, children's blood Pb levels, bioavailability information and estimated soil and dust ingestion rates by age for children exposed to Pb at the BHSS. This dataset is associated with the following publication: von Lindern, I., M. Stifelman , L. Stanek , and C. Bartrem. Estimating Children’s Soil/Dust Ingestion Rates through Retrospective Analyses of Blood Lead Biomonitoring from the Bunker Hill Superfund Site in Idaho. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 124: 1462–1470, (2016).

EF_NPL is a subset of facilities from FRS_PROGRAM_FACILITY and associated best-available geospatial coordinates. Facility Registry Service (FRS) data are refreshed daily. The layer shows only NPL (National Priority List) points from the SEMS (Superfund Enterprise Management System) database. The NPL subset is updated weekly.

As of January 1, 2009, Connecticut law mandates that medical providers must conduct annual lead screening (i.e., blood lead testing) for each child 9 to 35 months of age. Furthermore, the law requires that any child between 36-72 months of age who has not been previously tested must also be tested by the child’s medical provider, regardless of risk. This dataset includes the 10-year prevalence in Connecticut's top five cities.

As of January 1, 2009, Connecticut law mandates that medical providers must conduct annual lead screening (i.e., blood lead testing) for each child 9 to 35 months of age. Furthermore, the law requires that any child between 36-72 months of age who has not been previously tested must also be tested by the child’s medical provider, regardless of risk. This dataset includes data on the prevalence by town and blood lead level category.