The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) is an ongoing multiinstitutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetationtype distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing. The VEMAP data set includes three georeferencing and three cell area variables. Data Citation: This data set should be cited as follows: Kittel, T. G. F., N. A. Rosenbloom, T. H. Painter, D. S. Schimel, H. H. Fisher, A. Grimsdell, VEMAP Participants, C. Daly, and E. R. Hunt, Jr. 2002. VEMAP Phase I Database, revised. Available on-line from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.

The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) was a multi-institutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetation type distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing.Selected variable output results from the VEMAP Phase I modeling exercise are now available for several combinations of biogeochemistry and biogeography models and climate change scenarios through the ORNL DAAC. For a description of the models and climate scenarios employed in the VEMAP 1 project and a discussion of the results please refer to the following publication: VEMAP Members. 1995. Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project: Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9:407-437.

The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) was a multi-institutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetation type distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing.Selected variable output results from the VEMAP Phase I modeling exercise are now available for several combinations of biogeochemistry and biogeography models and climate change scenarios through the ORNL DAAC. For a description of the models and climate scenarios employed in the VEMAP 1 project and a discussion of the results please refer to the following publication: VEMAP Members. 1995. Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project: Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9:407-437.

An integrated input data set for ecosystem and vegetation modeling for the conterminous United States: Vegetation

Phase 2 of the VEMAP Project developed historical (1895-1993) gridded data sets of climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed) and projected (1994-2100) gridded annual and monthly climate data sets using output from two climate system models [CCCma (Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis) and Hadley Centre models]. Two Phase 2 model experiments were run. First, a set of selected biogeochemical models and coupled biogeochemical-biogeographical models were run from 1895 to 1993 to compare model responses to the historical time series and current ecosystem biogeochemistry. Second, these same models were run on the projected 1994 to 2100 data to compare their ecological responses to transient scenarios of climate and atmospheric CO2 change. Model runs were performed for daily, monthly, and annual gridded data sets. The output of the annual model runs in VEMAP grid format are contained in this data set. The models investigated included five biogeochemical cycling models, which simulate plant production and nutrient cycles.

The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) is an ongoing multiinstitutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetationtype distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing. Soil properties were based on a 10-km gridded EPA soil database developed by Kern (1994, 1995). Two soil coverages are provided in the Kern data set: one from the USDA Soil Conservation Service (SCS) national soil database (NATSGO) and the other from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization soil database (FAO 1974- 78). Only the SCS NATSGO soils are included in the VEMAP set. Physical consistency in soils data was incorporated by representing a grid cell's soil by a set of dominant (modal) soil profiles, rather than by a simple average of soil properties. Because soil processes, such as soil organic matter turnover and water balance, are non-linearly related to soil texture and other soil parameters, simulations based on dominant soil profiles and their frequency distribution can account for soil dynamics that would be lost if averaged soil properties were used. To spatially aggregate Kern data to the 0.5 degree grid, we used cluster analysis to group the subgrid 10-km elements into up to 4 modal soil catagories (Kittel et al. 1995). In this statistical approach, cell soil properties are represented by the set of modal soils, rather than by an "average soil." We also provide cell- averaged soil data. Please see the associated Data Set Revision page for an explanation of recent changes made to this data set. A complete users guide to the VEMAP Phase I database which includes more information about this data set can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/vemap-1/comp/Phase_1_User_Guide.pdf. ORNL DAAC maintains additional information associated with the VEMAP Project. Data Citation: This data set should be cited as follows: Kittel, T. G. F., N. A. Rosenbloom, T. H. Painter, D. S. Schimel, H. H. Fisher, A. Grimsdell, VEMAP Participants, C. Daly, and E. R. Hunt, Jr. 2002. VEMAP Phase I Database, revised. Available on-line from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.

The Vegetation-Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) was a large, collaborative, multi-institutional, international effort whose goal was to evaluate the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem and vegetation processes to altered climate forcing and elevated atmospheric CO2. Phase 1 of the VEMAP project developed historical (1895-1993) data sets of observed climate, soils, and vegetation compatible with the requirements of ecosystem models and vegetation distribution models. See the VEMAP Phase 1 User's Guide for more information. Phase 2 developed historical (1895-1993) gridded data sets of climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed) and projected (1994-2100) gridded annual and monthly climate data sets using output from two climate system models (CCCma (Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis) and Hadley Centre models). See the VEMAP Phase 2 User's Guide for additional background information.Two Phase 2 model experiments were run. First, a set of selected biogeochemical models and coupled biogeochemical-biogeographical models were run from 1895 to 1993 to compare model responses to the historical time series and current ecosystem biogeochemistry. Second, these same models were run on the projected 1994 to 2100 data to compare their ecological responses to transient scenarios of climate and atmospheric CO2 change. Model runs were performed for daily, monthly, and annual gridded data sets. The output of the annual model runs in VEMAP grid format are contained in this data set.The models investigated included five biogeochemical cycling models, which simulate plant production and nutrient cycles, but rely on a static land-cover type, and two dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) that combine biogeochemical cycling processes with dynamic biogeographical processes including succession and fire simulation.Biogeochemical Cycling ModelsBiome-BGC (BioGeochemical Cycles)CenturyCentury rxveg GTEC (Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Model)TEM (Terrestrial Ecosystem Model)Dynamic Global Vegetation ModelsLPJ (Lund-Potsdam-Jena MC1 (MC 5 modified Century)VEMAP 2 model intercomparison results have been published by Schimel et al.(2000), Bachelet et al. (2003) and Gordon and Famiglietti (2004). Related Data SetsAvailable on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive CenterVEMAP 2: U.S. ANNUAL CLIMATE, 1895-1993 VEMAP 2: U.S. MONTHLY CLIMATE, 1895-1993, VERSION 2 VEMAP 2: U.S. DAILY CLIMATE, 1895-1993 VEMAP 2: U.S. ANNUAL CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS VEMAP 2: U.S. MONTHLY CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS, VERSION 2 VEMAP 2: U.S. DAILY CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS VEMAP 2: Annual Ecosystem Model Responses to U.S. Climate Change, 1994-2100

The data set consists of a subset for the study area of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) in South America (i.e., longitude 85 deg to 30 deg W, latitude 25 deg S to 10 deg N) of the 5-min resolution Global Potential Vegetation data set developed by Navin Ramankutty and Jon Foley at the University of Wisconsin. Data are available in both ASCII GRID and binary image file formats.The original map was derived at a 5-min resolution and contains natural vegetation classified into 15 types. This data set is derived mainly from the DISCover land cover data set, with the regions dominated by land use filled using the vegetation data set of Haxeltine and Prentice (1996). The data set represents the world's potential vegetation (i.e., vegetation that would most likely exist now in the absence of human activities), and not necessarily natural pre-settlement vegetation. This is because human activities such as fire suppression have modified the stages of succession at which vegetation communities exist.More information can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/lba/land_use_change/potential_vegetation/comp/README.

Phase 2 developed historical (1895-1993) gridded data sets of climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed) and projected (1994-2100) gridded annual and monthly climate data sets using output from two climate system models [CCCma (Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis) and Hadley Centre models]. Two Phase 2 model experiments were run. First, a set of selected biogeochemical models and coupled biogeochemical-biogeographical models were run from 1895 to 1993 to compare model responses to the historical time series and current ecosystem biogeochemistry. Second, these same models were run on the projected 1994 to 2100 data to compare their ecological responses to transient scenarios of climate and atmospheric CO2 change. Model runs were performed for daily, monthly, and annual gridded data sets. The output of the monthly model runs in VEMAP grid format are contained in this data set.

The Vegetation-Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) was a large, collaborative, multi-institutional, international effort whose goal was to evaluate the sensitivity of terrestrial ecosystem and vegetation processes to altered climate forcing and elevated atmospheric CO2. Phase 1 of the VEMAP project developed historical (1895-1993) data sets of observed climate, soils, and vegetation compatible with the requirements of ecosystem models and vegetation distribution models. See the VEMAP Phase 1 User's Guide for more information.Phase 2 developed historical (1895-1993) gridded data sets of climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, and wind speed) and projected (1994-2100) gridded annual and monthly climate data sets using output from two climate system models (CCCma (Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis) and Hadley Centre models). See the VEMAP Phase 2 User's Guide for additional background information.Two Phase 2 model experiments were run. First, a set of selected biogeochemical models and coupled biogeochemical-biogeographical models were run from 1895 to 1993 to compare model responses to the historical time series and current ecosystem biogeochemistry. Second, these same models were run on the projected 1994 to 2100 data to compare their ecological responses to transient scenarios of climate and atmospheric CO2 change. Model runs were performed for daily, monthly, and annual gridded data sets. The output of the monthly model runs in VEMAP grid format are contained in this data set.The models investigated included five biogeochemical cycling models, which simulate plant production and nutrient cycles, but rely on a static land-cover type, and two dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) that combine biogeochemical cycling processes with dynamic biogeographical processes including succession and fire simulation.Biogeochemical Cycling ModelsBiome-BGC (BioGeochemical Cycles)CenturyCentury rxveg GTEC (Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Model)TEM (Terrestrial Ecosystem Model)Dynamic Global Vegetation ModelsLPJ (Lund-Potsdam-Jena MC1 (MC 5 modified Century)VEMAP 2 model intercomparison results have been published by Schimel et al.(2000), Bachelet et al. (2003) and Gordon and Famiglietti (2004). Related Data SetsAvailable on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center.VEMAP 2: U.S. ANNUAL CLIMATE, 1895-1993 VEMAP 2: U.S. MONTHLY CLIMATE, 1895-1993, VERSION 2 VEMAP 2: U.S. DAILY CLIMATE, 1895-1993 VEMAP 2: U.S. ANNUAL CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS VEMAP 2: U.S. MONTHLY CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS, VERSION 2 VEMAP 2: U.S. DAILY CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS VEMAP 2: Annual Ecosystem Model Responses to U.S. Climate Change, 1994-2100