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VEMAP 1: U.S. Soil
The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) is an ongoing multiinstitutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetationtype distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing. Soil properties were based on a 10-km gridded EPA soil database developed by Kern (1994, 1995). Two soil coverages are provided in the Kern data set: one from the USDA Soil Conservation Service (SCS) national soil database (NATSGO) and the other from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization soil database (FAO 1974- 78). Only the SCS NATSGO soils are included in the VEMAP set. Physical consistency in soils data was incorporated by representing a grid cell's soil by a set of dominant (modal) soil profiles, rather than by a simple average of soil properties. Because soil processes, such as soil organic matter turnover and water balance, are non-linearly related to soil texture and other soil parameters, simulations based on dominant soil profiles and their frequency distribution can account for soil dynamics that would be lost if averaged soil properties were used. To spatially aggregate Kern data to the 0.5 degree grid, we used cluster analysis to group the subgrid 10-km elements into up to 4 modal soil catagories (Kittel et al. 1995). In this statistical approach, cell soil properties are represented by the set of modal soils, rather than by an "average soil." We also provide cell- averaged soil data. Please see the associated Data Set Revision page for an explanation of recent changes made to this data set. A complete users guide to the VEMAP Phase I database which includes more information about this data set can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/vemap-1/comp/Phase_1_User_Guide.pdf. ORNL DAAC maintains additional information associated with the VEMAP Project. Data Citation: This data set should be cited as follows: Kittel, T. G. F., N. A. Rosenbloom, T. H. Painter, D. S. Schimel, H. H. Fisher, A. Grimsdell, VEMAP Participants, C. Daly, and E. R. Hunt, Jr. 2002. VEMAP Phase I Database, revised. Available on-line from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
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VEMAP 1: Selected Model Results
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The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) was a multi-institutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetation type distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing.Selected variable output results from the VEMAP Phase I modeling exercise are now available for several combinations of biogeochemistry and biogeography models and climate change scenarios through the ORNL DAAC. For a description of the models and climate scenarios employed in the VEMAP 1 project and a discussion of the results please refer to the following publication: VEMAP Members. 1995. Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project: Comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO2 doubling. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9:407-437.
VEMAP 1: Model Input Database CD-ROM ISO Image
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The VEMAP 1: Model Input Database CD-ROM ISO image contains long-term data that were used as input in comparing models during Phase 1 of the Vegetation Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project. Compiled and model-generated data sets of long-term mean climate, soils, vegetation, and climate change scenarios for the conterminous United States. Dates of the data sets range between 1895 and 1996. The data are gridded at 0.5 degree latitude by 0.5 degree longitude.
VEMAP 1: U.S. Site Files
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The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) is an ongoing multiinstitutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetationtype distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing. Site files contain monthly climate and scenario data in column format. This time-sequential format was developed to facilitate the extraction of data for individual stations. README files included under the /siteFiles directory give instructions on how to find a particular grid cell. Site files omit background grid cells, with a new line for each grid cell (3261 data records). Each file lists 12 monthly values (January-December) as a single record. A record also contains geographic information about the associated grid point such as latitude, longitude, elevation, state identification number, and Kuchler and VEMAP vveg.v2 vegetation types. A complete users guide to the VEMAP Phase I database which includes more information about this data set can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/vemap-1/comp/Phase_1_User_Guide.pdf. ORNL DAAC maintains additional information associated with the VEMAP Project. Data Citation: This data set should be cited as follows: Kittel, T. G. F., N. A. Rosenbloom, T. H. Painter, D. S. Schimel, H. H. Fisher, A. Grimsdell, VEMAP Participants, C. Daly, and E. R. Hunt, Jr. 2002. VEMAP Phase I Database, revised. Available on-line from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
ISLSCP II GIMMS Monthly NDVI, 1981-2002
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The Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data sets were generated to provide a 22-year satellite record of monthly changes in terrestrial vegetation. This data set contains three data files provided at spatial resolutions of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 degree in latitude and longitude with data from July 1981 through December 2002. New features include reduced NDVI variations arising from calibration, view geometry, volcanic aerosols, and other effects not related to actual vegetation change. In particular, NOAA-9 descending node data from September 1994 to January 1995, volcanic stratospheric aerosol correction for 1982-1984 and 1991-1994, and improved NDVI using empirical mode decomposition/reconstruction (EMD) to minimize effects of orbital drift. Global NDVI was generated to provide inputs for computing the time series of biophysical parameters contained in the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Initiative II collection. NDVI is used in climate models and biogeochemical models to calculate photosynthesis, the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the land surface, land-surface evapotranspiration and the absorption and release of energy by the land surface.
VEMAP 1: Model Input Database CD-ROM ISO Image
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The VEMAP 1: Model Input Database CD-ROM ISO image contains long-term data that were used as input in comparing models during Phase 1 of the Vegetation Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project. Compiled and model-generated data sets of long-term mean climate, soils, vegetation, and climate change scenarios for the conterminous United States. Dates of the data sets range between 1895 and 1996. The data are gridded at 0.5 degree latitude by 0.5 degree longitude.
VEMAP 1: U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation
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The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) is an ongoing multiinstitutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetationtype distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing. The vegetation data set includes one variable: vegetation type. Vegetation types are defined physiognomically in terms of dominant lifeform and leaf characteristics (including leaf seasonal duration, shape, and size) and, in the case of grasslands, physiologically with respect to dominance of species with the C3 versus C4 photosynthetic pathway. The physiognomic classification criteria are based on our understanding of vegetation characteristics that influence biogeochemical dynamics (Running et al. 1994). The U.S. distribution of these types is based on a 0.5 degree latitude/longitude gridded map of Kuchler's (1964, 1975) potential natural vegetation provided by the TEM group (D. Kicklighter and A.D. McGuire, personal communication). Kuchler's map is based on current vegetation and historical information and, for purposes of VEMAP Phase I model experiments, is presumed to represent potential vegetation under current climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations (355 ppm). A complete users guide to the VEMAP Phase I database which includes more information about this data set can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/vemap-1/comp/Phase_1_User_Guide.pdf. ORNL DAAC maintains additional information associated with the VEMAP Project. Data Citation: This data set should be cited as follows: Kittel, T. G. F., N. A. Rosenbloom, T. H. Painter, D. S. Schimel, H. H. Fisher, A. Grimsdell, VEMAP Participants, C. Daly, and E. R. Hunt, Jr. 1998. VEMAP Phase I Database, revised. Available on-line from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
VEMAP 1: U.S. Climate, 1961-1990
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The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) is an ongoing multiinstitutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetation type distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing. The VEMAP climate data set includes daily, monthly, and annual climate data for the conterminous U.S. including maximum, minimum, and mean temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and humidity. Seasonal mean surface wind speed is also provided. The monthly, seasonal, and annual data are long-term climatological means and are on the CDROM and FTP site under the subdirectory /monthly. Annual averages are simple means of the 12 monthly fluxes. The daily set presents a "characteristic year" in which monthly averages or accumulations of the daily values match the long-term monthly climatology but where the daily series has variances and covariances characteristic of a station's weather record. The daily data are on the CDROM and FTP site in the subdirectory /daily. A complete users guide to the VEMAP Phase I database which includes more information about this data set can be found at ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/vemap-1/comp/Phase_1_User_Guide.pdf. ORNL DAAC maintains additional information associated with the VEMAP Project. Data Citation: This data set should be cited as follows: Kittel, T. G. F., N. A. Rosenbloom, T. H. Painter, D. S. Schimel, H. H. Fisher, A. Grimsdell, VEMAP Participants, C. Daly, and E. R. Hunt, Jr. 2002. VEMAP Phase I Database, revised. Available on-line from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
DSCOVR EPIC Level 2 Vegetation Earth System Data Record (VESDR), Version 2
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DSCOVR_EPIC_L2_VESDR_02 is the Deep Space Climate ObserVatoRy (DSCOVR) Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) Level 2 Vegetation Earth System Data Record (VESDR), Version 2 data product. It provides Leaf Area Index (LAI) and diurnal courses of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Sunlit Leaf Area Index (SLAI), Fraction of incident Photosynthetically Active Radiation (400-700 nm) absorbed by the vegetation (FPAR), Directional Area Scattering Function (DASF), Earth Reflector Type Index (ERTI) and Canopy Scattering Coefficient at 443 nm, 551 nm, 680 nm and 779 nm. The VESDR files also include Solar Zenith Angle (SZA), Solar Azimuthal Angle (SAA), View Zenith (VZA), and Azimuthal (VAA) angles at the same temporal and spatial resolutions. The parameters are projected on eight regional 10 km SIN grids and available at 65 to 110 min temporal frequency. The version 2 VESDR product is generated from the upstream DSCOVR EPIC L2 MAIAC (Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction version 2) surface reflectance product. FPAR, LAI, and SLAI help monitor variability and change in global vegetation due to climate and anthropogenic influences, modeling climate, carbon, and water cycles and improving forecasting of near-surface weather. DASF provides information critical to accounting for structural contributions to measurements of leaf biochemistry from remote sensing. The canopy scattering coefficient is the Fraction of intercepted radiation reflected from or diffusely transmitted through the vegetation. This parameter is strongly correlated with leaf albedo, which depends on leaf biochemical constituents. We also provide two ancillary science data products: "Version 2 10 km Land Cover Type" and "Version 2 Distribution of Land Cover Types within 10 km EPIC pixel." The products were derived from 500m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover type 3 product (MCDLCHKM), which was generated from 2008, 2009, and 2010 land cover products (MCD12Q1, v051). A detailed description of the VESDR and ancillary science data products can be found in "VESDR Science Data Product Guide, version 2". Section "USER'S GUIDE" provides links to this document as well as to the two ancillary science data products.
ISLSCP II Potential Natural Vegetation Cover
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This data set was developed to describe the state of the global land cover in terms of 15 major vegetation types, plus water, before alteration by humans. It forms a complement to the historical croplands data set developed by Ramankutty and Foley (1999). By overlaying the two, one can determine the extent to which natural vegetation has been cleared for cultivation. This data set can be used directly within spatially-explicit climate and biogeochemical models. There are four total files in this data set. Two files contain the land cover types representing potential natural vegetation before human alteration, and two other files contain those points in the original data set submitted by the Principal Investigator that have been modified in order to match the land/water mask of the ISLSCP Initiative II.The geographic distribution of contemporary land cover types can be derived from remotely-sensed data. However, humans now dominate much of the world and there is little evidence of the pre-human-settlement natural vegetation or Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV). PNV, as defined here, does not necessarily represent the world'??s natural pre-human-disturbance vegetation. Rather, our definition of PNV represents the world's vegetation cover that would most likely exist now in equilibrium with present-day climate and natural disturbance, in the absence of human activities.
VEMAP 1: Georeferencing
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The Vegetation/Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP) is an ongoing multiinstitutional, international effort addressing the response of biogeography and biogeochemistry to environmental variability in climate and other drivers in both space and time domains. The objectives of VEMAP are the intercomparison of biogeochemistry models and vegetationtype distribution models (biogeography models) and determination of their sensitivity to changing climate, elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and other sources of altered forcing. The VEMAP data set includes three georeferencing and three cell area variables. Data Citation: This data set should be cited as follows: Kittel, T. G. F., N. A. Rosenbloom, T. H. Painter, D. S. Schimel, H. H. Fisher, A. Grimsdell, VEMAP Participants, C. Daly, and E. R. Hunt, Jr. 2002. VEMAP Phase I Database, revised. Available on-line from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
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