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Geology and Genesis of the Mount Skukum Epithermal Gold-Silver Deposits, Southwestern Yukon (NTS 105 D/3, 6)
The Eocene Mt. Skukum gold-silver epithermal deposits are 65 km southwest of Whitehorse in the Yukon Territory. Veins are in nearly flat-lying Eocene andesitic volcanic rocks of the Mt. Skukum Caldera Complex, part of the Sloko Volcanic Province, which unconformably overlies the Mesozoic Coast Plutonic Complex and Paleozoic to Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Significant veins are contained in a regional halo of propylitic alteration centered on a graben in the southwestern corner of the Mt. Skukum Caldera Complex. Zones of steeply-dipping quartz-carbonate-sericite veins are associated with major faults and rhyolite dykes which bound blocks in the graben. Electrum and native silver form fine grains which average 15 to 20 microns and locally exceed 1 mm across, in veins containing only trave amounts of sulphides. Fliuid inclusions indicate that vein minerals were deposited from fluids averaging 313°C with an average salinity of 0.7 weight percent NaCl equivalent. Primary inclusions show that depositional fluids existed under two pressure regimes: one close to hydrostatic, the other approaching lithostatic. Both indicate deposition about 470 m below paleosurface. Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of minerals in the deposit and surrounding wall rocks indicate that depositional fluids were meteoric. Large depletions in O18 content of andesitic rocks in the deposit area indicate a minimum water: rock mass ratio of 0.81:1. Precious metals at the Mt. Skukum deposit were emplaced at relatively low temperature, near surface, by a meteoric water dominated hydrothermal system driven by heat from associated rhyolite dykes. Gold and silver were leached from andesitic and rhyolite stocks and volcanic rocks as well as metamorphic and granitic basement, and precipitated with quartz and carbonate in permeable conduits such as fault zones, and breccia bodies.
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Geology and genesis of the Mount Skukum Tertiary epithermal gold-silver vein deposit, southwestern Yukon Territory
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A copy of this thesis is available at the EMR library – QE195 M321. This thesis is available online at https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0302650.
Geology of the Main Zone at Mt. Skukum, Wheaton River area, southern Yukon
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Gold mineralization at the Mt. Skukum deposit occurs in nearly vertical quartz-carbonate veins which crosscut flat-lying andesites with a NNE trend. The mineralized veins represent the second stage of a two stage hydrothermal system, the first of which resulted in emplacement of thin chalcedonic veinlets. These two stages of veins are probably indicative of an evolving hydrothermal fluid rather than being representative of two separate events. Vein emplacement is one of the latest of a series of events which began with volcanism, producing felsic and andesitic volcanic rocks which overlie basement in this area. Subsequent periods of tectonism produced large faults along which rhyolitic dykes were emplaced. Continued tectonism resulted in reactivation of old faults along which andesitic and dacitic dykes were injected, crosscutting rhyolite dykes in many cases. As volcanic activity waned, the faults remained active, leaving zones of high permeability which acted as conduits for the still active hydrothermal circulation. Veins appear to have been emplaced at low temperature in a circulating hydrothermal system driven by a heat source at depth associated with dykes present in the area. Circulating hydrothermal fluids may have leached gold from the surrounding andesitic volcanics during propylitization. Permeability may have been controlled by faulting, brecciated flow tops and bottoms, and lapilli tuff horizons. Gold was precipitated in highly permeable conduits, such as the Main Fault Zone and breccia bodies.
Setting and origin of skarn deposits in the Whitehorse Copper Belt, Yukon
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A copy of this thesis is available at the EMR library – QE446.Y8 M67 1981.
New data on the geology and mineralization of the Skukum Creek gold-silver deposit, southern Yukon (NTS 105D/3).
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Detailed exploration conducted during 2006 in the western part of the Skukum Creek deposit has revealed new structural, mineralogical and geochemical features. The deposit incorporates a number of (at least six or seven) sub- parallel narrow mineralized zones, coincident with andesite-dacite-rhyolite dyke swarms extending for at least 1 km along strike and for hundreds of metres down-dip. Various mineralized zones differ in size, structural setting, intensity and composition of mineralization, and, in total, form a large mineralized package more than 200 m wide, corresponding to a property- to district-scale fault zone extending for over 10 km and traced by a dyke belt. Significant potential exists for the exploration of these structures along strike and down-dip. The diamond drilling intersected numerous high-grade intercepts of gold and silver mineralization corresponding to the low-sulphidation sub-type of epithermal gold-silver deposits. However, strong enrichment in base metals (up to 25% of combined Zn+Pb+Cu) and arsenic suggests essential differences from typical epithermal mineralized systems.
Volcanic-hosted epithermal gold-sulphide mineralization and associated enrichment processes, Sixtymile River area, Yukon Territory, Canada
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The upper Sixtymile River area is located approximately 128 km west of Dawson City, Yukon. Lithology in this area consists of Precambrian to Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, Paleozoic ultramafic rocks, Middle Jurassic pegmatitic and aplitic dikes, Upper Cretaceous porphyritic dikes and volcanic rocks with intercalated sedimentary rocks, Quaternary alkaline basaltic dikes and Quaternary alluvial sediments. Precious metal occurrences in these volcanic rocks are divided into two types, based on differences in local distribution, petrology and wall rock alteration: a gold-bearing pyrite-arsenopyrite type and a silver-bearing galena-sphalerite type. Both types are characterized by four stages of mineralization.
Exploration geology of the Mt. Skukum epithermal gold deposit, southwestern Yukon
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Veins in Main Cirque are hosted in major normal fault zones bounding down-dropped blocks to depletion of a magma chamber below the adjacent eruptive centre. Residual heat within the exhausted magma chamber or perhaps a slight resurgence of intrusive material may have driven the hydrothermal circulation which resulted in regional alteration and deposition of the quartz-carbonate veins. Due to the close relationship of these factors, the identification of further eruptive chambers within the volcanic complex as well as any associated collapse features is critical to future exploration. Identification of additional faults associated with the collapse feature represented by Main Cirque is also important because these faults potentially host additional ore. Gold-silver veins at Mt. Skukum display many of the classic characteristics of a relatively low temperature epithermal system as well as a low-sulphide adularia-sericite system. Vein formation probably occurred within several hundred metres of the paleosurface which may be represented by the intense kaolinitic alteration zone and the crater on the southeastern wall of Main Cirque. The Mt. Skukum deposits likely formed in a near surface environment by circulating meteoric waters in a hydrothermal system driven by a heat source associated with felsic dykes present in the area.
Preliminary Geology Map of the Mount Skukum Volcanic Complex (105/D 2,3,4,5)
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A preliminary geological map (1:25,000 scale) of Mount Skukum volcanic complex, southern Yukon (NTS 105D/2,3,4,5), including one cross section.
Petrology & geology of high level rhyolite intrusives of the Skukum area, 105 D SW, Yukon Territory
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The Skukum area is located 58 km south-southwest of Whitehorse. It is an elliptical area of volcanic rocks, Tertiary in age, and surrounded by hypabyssal rhyolite intrusives. Field and petrographic evidence, fluorite and tourmaline stockwork, breccia pipes, roof pendants, miarolitic cavities and spherulites in the nine Skukum rhyolites suggest that they were emplaced at a high level. The intrusives vary in composition from rhyolite to dacite. The variation in texture within and between the intrusives can be explained by different rates of crystallization, temperature differences and compositional variability. Chemical data are in accord with the expected trends in a cogenetic suite of igneous rocks. Relatively low CaO and MgO, high SiO2 and anomalously low Sr concentrations indicate that the rhyolites were formed from a highly differentiated magma. Sr and Ba versus Al2O3 plots show that both k-feldspar and plagioclase were important fractionating phases. Rare earth element data further support this conclusion and also suggest that some accessory phase(s), such as monazite, allanite or fluorite help control the rare earth element behaviour. Partial melting of an already depleted source rock with residual plagioclase can also explain the patterns. The Bennett Lake ring and associated dykes are petrographically and chemically similar to the Skukum intrusives. However, Zr and TiO2 are present in higher concentrations in the Bennett Lake complex, indicating that they were derived by a slightly different fractionation process.
Geology and mineralization of the AurMac metasediment-hosted gold deposits, central Yukon (NTS 105M/13)
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The AurMac property, located 35 km north of Mayo in central Yukon, includes two metasedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits: the 6158 koz Au Powerline deposit and the 845 koz Au Airstrip deposit. Mineralization at the Powerline and Airstrip deposits is characterized by gold in sheeted quartz veins and mineralized skarn horizons, respectively. The AurMac deposits straddle the Robert Service thrust fault whereby the Powerline deposit is hosted in the Late Proterozoic to Cambrian Hyland Group hanging wall, and the Airstrip deposit is hosted in the Mississippian Sourdough Hill Member of the Keno Hill Quartzite footwall. Host rocks comprise siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks, variably calc-silicate–altered calcareous metasedimentary rocks and magmatic rocks. Magmatic rocks in the Powerline zone consist of foliated mafic horizons that are geochemically similar to Cambro-Ordovician magmatic rocks found in Hyland Group metasedimentary rocks in the McQuesten, Mayo, Clark Lakes and Hart River map areas. In the Airstrip zone, magmatic rocks include a steeply south-dipping, unfoliated, aplite dike. Evidence for intrusion-related gold mineralization at AurMac includes sheeted vein and skarn mineralization similar to the intrusionhosted, intrusion-related gold deposits at Dublin Gulch, as well as the presence of metamorphic porphyroblast assemblages that suggest contact metamorphism. These findings suggest potential for further discovery of mineralized intrusion-hosted zones on the AurMac property and sedimenthosted, intrusion-related gold deposits elsewhere in the region.