Data used to estimate monthly water budgets at Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Panola Mountain State Park, Stockbridge, Ga. for water years 1986–2015. Data include: (1) hourly air temperature and solar radiation data used to calculate potential evapotranspiration using the Priestly-Taylor equation; (2) unit-value streamwater stage and streamflow; (3) unit-value base flow determined from a hydrography separation using the Eckhardt filter, (4) daily water budgets components, and; (5) edit code descriptions for streamwater stage and precipitation data for items 2 and 4.

This data release contains two tabular data files. PMRW_Daily_Runoff_Precipitation_WY86to19.csv contains daily mean runoff total daily precipitation from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Stockbridge, Ga. for water years 1986-2019, and the associated data quality and edit codes for each day. Detailed descriptions of each edit code for precipitation and stream stage data are included separately in the PMRW_EditCodes_Daily_Runoff_Precipitation_WY86to19.csv dataset.

This data release contains two tabular data files. PMRW_Daily_Runoff_Precipitation_WY86to19.csv contains daily mean runoff total daily precipitation from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Stockbridge, Ga. for water years 1986-2019, and the associated data quality and edit codes for each day. Detailed descriptions of each edit code for precipitation and stream stage data are included separately in the PMRW_EditCodes_Daily_Runoff_Precipitation_WY86to19.csv dataset.

As part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Groundwater Resources Program study of the Appalachian Plateaus aquifers, estimates of annual water-budget components were determined at 849 continuous-record streamflow gaging stations from Mississippi to New York. Base flow, which can serve as a proxy for annual recharge, streamflow, and runoff were estimated from computer programs—PART (Rutledge, 1993), HYSEP (Sloto and Crouse, 1996), and BFI (Wahl and Wahl, 1988)—that are included in the hydrograph analysis component provided with version 1.0 of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Toolbox. Only complete years (January to December) of record at each gage were used to determine annual estimates. Estimates of base-flow index, which is the percentage of streamflow from base flow, are included in the annual and average tables. Precipitation was estimated by calculating the average of cell values in the PRISM dataset intercepted by basin boundaries where previously defined in the GAGES-II dataset (Falcone, 2011). Estimates of evapotranspiration were then calculated from the difference between precipitation and streamflow.

As part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Groundwater Resources Program study of the Appalachian Plateaus aquifers, estimates of annual water-budget components were determined at 849 continuous-record streamflow gaging stations from Mississippi to New York. Base flow, which can serve as a proxy for annual recharge, streamflow, and runoff were estimated from computer programs—PART (Rutledge, 1993), HYSEP (Sloto and Crouse, 1996), and BFI (Wahl and Wahl, 1988)—that are included in the hydrograph analysis component provided with version 1.0 of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Toolbox. Only complete years (January to December) of record at each gage were used to determine annual estimates. Estimates of base-flow index, which is the percentage of streamflow from base flow, are included in the annual and average tables. Precipitation was estimated by calculating the average of cell values in the PRISM dataset intercepted by basin boundaries where previously defined in the GAGES-II dataset (Falcone, 2011). Estimates of evapotranspiration were then calculated from the difference between precipitation and streamflow.

As part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Groundwater Resources Program study of the Appalachian Plateaus aquifers, estimates of annual water-budget components were determined at 849 continuous-record streamflow gaging stations from Mississippi to New York. Base flow, which can serve as a proxy for annual recharge, streamflow, and runoff were estimated from computer programs—PART (Rutledge, 1993), HYSEP (Sloto and Crouse, 1996), and BFI (Wahl and Wahl, 1988)—that are included in the hydrograph analysis component provided with version 1.0 of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Toolbox. Only complete years (January to December) of record at each gage were used to determine annual estimates. Estimates of base-flow index, which is the percentage of streamflow from base flow, are included in the annual and average tables. Precipitation was estimated by calculating the average of cell values in the PRISM dataset intercepted by basin boundaries where previously defined in the GAGES-II dataset (Falcone, 2011). Estimates of evapotranspiration were then calculated from the difference between precipitation and streamflow.

As part of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Resources Program study of Appalachian Plateaus aquifers, mean-annual and mean-seasonal water-budget estimates for the period 1980 through 2011 were determined for a 162,000 square-mile area covering parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Mean-annual and mean-seasonal precipitation, recharge, and actual evapotranspiration (ET) estimates were derived from annual and monthly Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model (McCoy and others, 2015; Westenbroek and others, 2010) output and compiled in a geodatabase. Precipitation estimates from the Appalachian Plateaus SWB model were derived from daily Daymet climate grids (Thornton and others, 2012). Estimates of recharge from the SWB model were calculated using a modified Thornthwaite-Mather soil-water accounting method (Thornthwaite and Mather, 1957; Westenbroek and others, 2010). Estimates of ET from the SWB model were derived by adjusting a spatially-variable estimate of potential ET (Hargreaves and Samani, 1985) with estimates of precipitation and soil-moisture (Westenbrok and others, 2010). The geodatabase contains polygon and point feature classes representing the model grid cells and their centers, respectively, and two tables containing mean-annual and mean-seasonal estimates for each cell. Mean-annual estimates were computed for full calendar years (January through December) and are presented in inches per year (in/yr) for the 1980 through 2011 period. Mean-seasonal estimates for spring (March through May), summer (June through August) and fall (September through November) are presented in inches for the 1980 through 2011 period. Mean-seasonal estimates for winter (December through February), also presented in inches, were calculated for December 1980 through February 2011.

This dataset contains the data and results of an analysis estimating wet deposition and streamwater solute fluxes at Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), Panola Mountain State Park, Stockbridge, Georgia for water years 1986–2016. The PMRW is a small (41 ha), relatively undisturbed, forested headwater catchment in the Piedmont Province of Southeastern United States. This data provides the basis for using a watershed mass-balance approach, in which inputs and outputs of water and solutes are quantified and compared to better understand hydrologic and biogeochemical processes on a watershed scale. The dataset contains 13 datasets consisting of a variety of data series and results, which are summarized herein including their purpose(s): (1) Precipitation amount (1-minute time-step) used to estimate wet deposition, for predicting monthly soil moisture, and as variables in most of the streamwater concentration regression models. (2) Precipitation water quality (mostly weekly composite samples) used to estimate wet deposition. (3) Streamwater stage and flow (5-minute time-step, 1-minute during stormflow) used to estimate streamwater solute fluxes, for predicting monthly soil moisture, and as variables in the streamwater concentration regression models. (4) Stream water quality (discrete weekly and storm samples) used to estimate streamwater solute fluxes using a regression-based approach. (5) 13-year soil moisture time-series from a profile with 3 depths (15, 40, and 70 cm; 5-minute time-step), which represents shallow watershed storage, which was used to classify climatic conditions of some solutes (separate concentration regression models were developed for each climate category). (6) Data, calibration variables, and predictions for a USGS monthly water-balance program used to model monthly watershed soil moisture when measured soil moisture data was unavailable. (7) Unit-value base flow (as determined from a hydrograph separation using the Eckhardt filter), which was used to calculate the base-flow ratio that was a variable within a few of the streamwater concentration regression models. The hydrograph separation also defined base-flow and stormflow periods used to determine the base-flow and rising limb indicator variables used by most of the concentration models. Estimates of wet deposition for 9 solutes, summarized on (8) daily, (9) monthly, and (10) annual time-steps. Streamwater solute flux estimates for 10 solutes, summarized on (11) daily and (12) annual time-steps. (13) A dataset of edit code descriptions used by the unit-value precipitation amount, streamwater stage and flow, and soil moisture time-series.

This dataset contains the data and results of an analysis estimating wet deposition and streamwater solute fluxes at Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), Panola Mountain State Park, Stockbridge, Georgia for water years 1986–2016. The PMRW is a small (41 ha), relatively undisturbed, forested headwater catchment in the Piedmont Province of Southeastern United States. This data provides the basis for using a watershed mass-balance approach, in which inputs and outputs of water and solutes are quantified and compared to better understand hydrologic and biogeochemical processes on a watershed scale. The dataset contains 13 datasets consisting of a variety of data series and results, which are summarized herein including their purpose(s): (1) Precipitation amount (1-minute time-step) used to estimate wet deposition, for predicting monthly soil moisture, and as variables in most of the streamwater concentration regression models. (2) Precipitation water quality (mostly weekly composite samples) used to estimate wet deposition. (3) Streamwater stage and flow (5-minute time-step, 1-minute during stormflow) used to estimate streamwater solute fluxes, for predicting monthly soil moisture, and as variables in the streamwater concentration regression models. (4) Stream water quality (discrete weekly and storm samples) used to estimate streamwater solute fluxes using a regression-based approach. (5) 13-year soil moisture time-series from a profile with 3 depths (15, 40, and 70 cm; 5-minute time-step), which represents shallow watershed storage, which was used to classify climatic conditions of some solutes (separate concentration regression models were developed for each climate category). (6) Data, calibration variables, and predictions for a USGS monthly water-balance program used to model monthly watershed soil moisture when measured soil moisture data was unavailable. (7) Unit-value base flow (as determined from a hydrograph separation using the Eckhardt filter), which was used to calculate the base-flow ratio that was a variable within a few of the streamwater concentration regression models. The hydrograph separation also defined base-flow and stormflow periods used to determine the base-flow and rising limb indicator variables used by most of the concentration models. Estimates of wet deposition for 9 solutes, summarized on (8) daily, (9) monthly, and (10) annual time-steps. Streamwater solute flux estimates for 10 solutes, summarized on (11) daily and (12) annual time-steps. (13) A dataset of edit code descriptions used by the unit-value precipitation amount, streamwater stage and flow, and soil moisture time-series.

This dataset contains hourly average groundwater level time-series for 19 monitoring wells at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) from January 2001 to October 2002. The data was used in a hydrologic modeling study to test a model formulation that allowed for bi-direction fluxes between groundwater and surface water in a bucket type hydrologic model. Some wells had missing data so record lengths were not equal. The water level data were quality controlled; unexplained peaks and shifts were removed, and these periods were indicated as having no data. The modeling study used average water level data from the riparian area and from the entire catchment for calibration. Riparian groundwater levels were calculated from the 13 riparian wells, while catchment average groundwater levels were calculated from the averages of levels from the riparian (n=13) and hillslope (n=6) wells, weighted based on the proportion of their landscape unit areas in the catchment (0.83 for hillslopes and 0.17 for riparian areas). Modeling required continuous record of water levels, so levels from each well were scaled based on their minimum and maximum levels measured during the period. Hourly riparian and catchment averages were then calculated from these scaled values, thereby, utilizing all available water level observations. Well levels were reported from the bottom of the well to facilitate this scaling, but levels can be converted to depth to water table below land surface using the provided well construction specifications. In addition to the groundwater level time series, the dataset also contains hourly time series of average streamflow at two locations at PMRW (outlet of the 10 ha Upper catchment and the 41 ha Lower catchment), total precipitation and average temperature for the January 2001 to October 2003 period. The longer period for these data were used for model verification.