This dataset contains the data and results of an analysis estimating wet deposition and streamwater solute fluxes at Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), Panola Mountain State Park, Stockbridge, Georgia for water years 1986–2016. The PMRW is a small (41 ha), relatively undisturbed, forested headwater catchment in the Piedmont Province of Southeastern United States. This data provides the basis for using a watershed mass-balance approach, in which inputs and outputs of water and solutes are quantified and compared to better understand hydrologic and biogeochemical processes on a watershed scale. The dataset contains 13 datasets consisting of a variety of data series and results, which are summarized herein including their purpose(s): (1) Precipitation amount (1-minute time-step) used to estimate wet deposition, for predicting monthly soil moisture, and as variables in most of the streamwater concentration regression models. (2) Precipitation water quality (mostly weekly composite samples) used to estimate wet deposition. (3) Streamwater stage and flow (5-minute time-step, 1-minute during stormflow) used to estimate streamwater solute fluxes, for predicting monthly soil moisture, and as variables in the streamwater concentration regression models. (4) Stream water quality (discrete weekly and storm samples) used to estimate streamwater solute fluxes using a regression-based approach. (5) 13-year soil moisture time-series from a profile with 3 depths (15, 40, and 70 cm; 5-minute time-step), which represents shallow watershed storage, which was used to classify climatic conditions of some solutes (separate concentration regression models were developed for each climate category). (6) Data, calibration variables, and predictions for a USGS monthly water-balance program used to model monthly watershed soil moisture when measured soil moisture data was unavailable. (7) Unit-value base flow (as determined from a hydrograph separation using the Eckhardt filter), which was used to calculate the base-flow ratio that was a variable within a few of the streamwater concentration regression models. The hydrograph separation also defined base-flow and stormflow periods used to determine the base-flow and rising limb indicator variables used by most of the concentration models. Estimates of wet deposition for 9 solutes, summarized on (8) daily, (9) monthly, and (10) annual time-steps. Streamwater solute flux estimates for 10 solutes, summarized on (11) daily and (12) annual time-steps. (13) A dataset of edit code descriptions used by the unit-value precipitation amount, streamwater stage and flow, and soil moisture time-series.

This dataset contains hourly average groundwater level time-series for 19 monitoring wells at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) from January 2001 to October 2002. The data was used in a hydrologic modeling study to test a model formulation that allowed for bi-direction fluxes between groundwater and surface water in a bucket type hydrologic model. Some wells had missing data so record lengths were not equal. The water level data were quality controlled; unexplained peaks and shifts were removed, and these periods were indicated as having no data. The modeling study used average water level data from the riparian area and from the entire catchment for calibration. Riparian groundwater levels were calculated from the 13 riparian wells, while catchment average groundwater levels were calculated from the averages of levels from the riparian (n=13) and hillslope (n=6) wells, weighted based on the proportion of their landscape unit areas in the catchment (0.83 for hillslopes and 0.17 for riparian areas). Modeling required continuous record of water levels, so levels from each well were scaled based on their minimum and maximum levels measured during the period. Hourly riparian and catchment averages were then calculated from these scaled values, thereby, utilizing all available water level observations. Well levels were reported from the bottom of the well to facilitate this scaling, but levels can be converted to depth to water table below land surface using the provided well construction specifications. In addition to the groundwater level time series, the dataset also contains hourly time series of average streamflow at two locations at PMRW (outlet of the 10 ha Upper catchment and the 41 ha Lower catchment), total precipitation and average temperature for the January 2001 to October 2003 period. The longer period for these data were used for model verification.

This dataset contains hourly average groundwater level time-series for 19 monitoring wells at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) from January 2001 to October 2002. The data was used in a hydrologic modeling study to test a model formulation that allowed for bi-direction fluxes between groundwater and surface water in a bucket type hydrologic model. Some wells had missing data so record lengths were not equal. The water level data were quality controlled; unexplained peaks and shifts were removed, and these periods were indicated as having no data. The modeling study used average water level data from the riparian area and from the entire catchment for calibration. Riparian groundwater levels were calculated from the 13 riparian wells, while catchment average groundwater levels were calculated from the averages of levels from the riparian (n=13) and hillslope (n=6) wells, weighted based on the proportion of their landscape unit areas in the catchment (0.83 for hillslopes and 0.17 for riparian areas). Modeling required continuous record of water levels, so levels from each well were scaled based on their minimum and maximum levels measured during the period. Hourly riparian and catchment averages were then calculated from these scaled values, thereby, utilizing all available water level observations. Well levels were reported from the bottom of the well to facilitate this scaling, but levels can be converted to depth to water table below land surface using the provided well construction specifications. In addition to the groundwater level time series, the dataset also contains hourly time series of average streamflow at two locations at PMRW (outlet of the 10 ha Upper catchment and the 41 ha Lower catchment), total precipitation and average temperature for the January 2001 to October 2003 period. The longer period for these data were used for model verification.

This data release contains two tabular data files. PMRW_Daily_Runoff_Precipitation_WY86to19.csv contains daily mean runoff total daily precipitation from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Stockbridge, Ga. for water years 1986-2019, and the associated data quality and edit codes for each day. Detailed descriptions of each edit code for precipitation and stream stage data are included separately in the PMRW_EditCodes_Daily_Runoff_Precipitation_WY86to19.csv dataset.

This data release contains two tabular data files. PMRW_Daily_Runoff_Precipitation_WY86to19.csv contains daily mean runoff total daily precipitation from the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Stockbridge, Ga. for water years 1986-2019, and the associated data quality and edit codes for each day. Detailed descriptions of each edit code for precipitation and stream stage data are included separately in the PMRW_EditCodes_Daily_Runoff_Precipitation_WY86to19.csv dataset.

These data represent time-series of water table depth from nine monitoring wells, soil moisture from three depths at a single monitoring location, and meteorological data from a weather station at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) in Rockdale County Georgia. Water-level data were logged at a 5 minute interval. In total, the data span from April 2017 to April 2020 but some wells did not get instrumented with pressure transducers until May 2018 so there are some minor differences in record length. Soil moisture spans from April 2017 to October 2019 and data is presented as hourly average volumetric water content at each depth. Meteorological data spans from April 2017 to October 2019 and is presented as hourly averages, or hourly total, in the case of precipitation. The study associated with these data focused on the growing season only and specifically rain-free days. Data from April 15 to October 30 each year were highly scrutinized, and any data spikes were removed from the record. Data during the dormant season (NOV - MAR) and beyond October 2019 did not receive the same level of scrutiny because it was not the focus of the study. Dormant season water level date was still adjusted (if necessary) based on manual water level tape down measurements but no further adjustments or QAQC was performed. Further, these data were plotted, and no gross errors were noticed. We are providing the full time-series as these data will likely be more useful to others than just the rain-free periods we focused on. Users of the data are highly encouraged to thoroughly explore the data, especially during the dormant season, before use. This data release contains three tabular data files each with an associated metadata file. The data files are: 1.) Water level and water temperature data from nine monitoring wells; 2.) Meteorological data and soil moisture, and; 3.) latitude and longitude of the data collection sites included in this data release.

These data represent time-series of water table depth from nine monitoring wells, soil moisture from three depths at a single monitoring location, and meteorological data from a weather station at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW) in Rockdale County Georgia. Water-level data were logged at a 5 minute interval. In total, the data span from April 2017 to April 2020 but some wells did not get instrumented with pressure transducers until May 2018 so there are some minor differences in record length. Soil moisture spans from April 2017 to October 2019 and data is presented as hourly average volumetric water content at each depth. Meteorological data spans from April 2017 to October 2019 and is presented as hourly averages, or hourly total, in the case of precipitation. The study associated with these data focused on the growing season only and specifically rain-free days. Data from April 15 to October 30 each year were highly scrutinized, and any data spikes were removed from the record. Data during the dormant season (NOV - MAR) and beyond October 2019 did not receive the same level of scrutiny because it was not the focus of the study. Dormant season water level date was still adjusted (if necessary) based on manual water level tape down measurements but no further adjustments or QAQC was performed. Further, these data were plotted, and no gross errors were noticed. We are providing the full time-series as these data will likely be more useful to others than just the rain-free periods we focused on. Users of the data are highly encouraged to thoroughly explore the data, especially during the dormant season, before use. This data release contains three tabular data files each with an associated metadata file. The data files are: 1.) Water level and water temperature data from nine monitoring wells; 2.) Meteorological data and soil moisture, and; 3.) latitude and longitude of the data collection sites included in this data release.

Data used to estimate monthly water budgets at Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Panola Mountain State Park, Stockbridge, Ga. for water years 1986–2015. Data include: (1) hourly air temperature and solar radiation data used to calculate potential evapotranspiration using the Priestly-Taylor equation; (2) unit-value streamwater stage and streamflow; (3) unit-value base flow determined from a hydrography separation using the Eckhardt filter, (4) daily water budgets components, and; (5) edit code descriptions for streamwater stage and precipitation data for items 2 and 4.

Data used to estimate monthly water budgets at Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Panola Mountain State Park, Stockbridge, Ga. for water years 1986–2015. Data include: (1) hourly air temperature and solar radiation data used to calculate potential evapotranspiration using the Priestly-Taylor equation; (2) unit-value streamwater stage and streamflow; (3) unit-value base flow determined from a hydrography separation using the Eckhardt filter, (4) daily water budgets components, and; (5) edit code descriptions for streamwater stage and precipitation data for items 2 and 4.

In 2019, soil samples were collected at selected sediment-retention ponds in the Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area, near Delta, Colorado. This dataset includes pond location, pond characteristics, soil-moisture data, soil-chemistry data, and geophysical data. Pond locations were surveyed using real-time kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (RTK-GNSS) methods and incorporated as a single shapefile in Ponds.zip. Pond characteristics were assessed, and observations were made for assigned surficial-geologic unit, vegetation, check-dam condition, check-dam height, water holding capacity, and stream condition entering and exiting the pond. Pond-characteristic data are incorporated as a single comma-separated values (.csv) file (PondInventory.csv). Soil moisture and chemistry data characterize soil moisture, specific conductance, pH, total dissolved solids, and chloride at selected depths in the soil profile. Soil moisture and chemistry data are presented in a .csv file (SoilData.csv). Geophysical surveys were conducted using a Geophex GEM-2, a hand-held multi-frequency electromagnetic induction sensor. The geophysical surveys were conducted to evaluate soil conductivity differences in and around pond locations and are presented as the unprocessed data from the instrument as a .csv file in GEM-2 data.zip.