,Our goals were to 1) isolate, and culture two fungal morphotypes, 2) characterize the volatile emissions from grain inoculated by each fungal morphotype (Aspergillus flavus or Fusarium spp.) compared to uninoculated and sanitized grain, and 3) understand how MVOCs from each morphotype affects mobility, attraction, and preference by L. serricorne. Headspace collection revealed that the Fusarium- and A. flavus-inoculated grain produced significantly different volatiles compared to sanitized grain or the positive control. Changes in MVOC emissions affected close-range foraging during an Ethovision assay, with a greater frequency of entering and spending time in a small zone with kernels inoculated with A. flavus compared to other treatments. In the release-recapture assay, MVOCs were found to be attractive to L. serricorne at a longer distances in commercial pitfall traps. While there was no preference shown among semiochemical stimuli in a still-air, four-way olfactometer, it is possible that methodological limitations prevented robust interpretation from this assay. Overall, our study suggests that MVOCs are important for close- and long-range orientation of L.serricorne during foraging, and that MVOCs may have the potential for inclusion in behaviorally-based tactics for this species.,

,Source Insects,For all assays, older (=larger) T. granarium larvae were used (according to the specifications in Morrison et al. 2020 and Arthur et al. 2018). Trogoderma granarium larvae were derived from the quarantine facility in Buzzards Bay, MA, which originally came from Pakistan. They were continuously reared on pulverized dog food (300 g SmartBlend, Purina One), with rolled oats, and a crumpled, moistened paper towel on the surface in a 800 ml mason jar. They were held in an environmental chamber at 32°C, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D. All individuals were starved up to 48 h prior to use in experiments.,Direct Lethality Assay,Cohorts of 20 T. granarium larvae were exposed to control netting (without insecticide), Carifend 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin LLIN (BASF Corps, Ludwigshafen, Germany), or D-terrence 0.4% deltamethrin LLIN (Vestergaard Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland) for periods of 5 or 60 min in Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm). The percentage of individuals alive, affected, or dead were then tracked 0, 4, 24, 48, 72, or 168 h after exposure. Alive individuals were observed moving normally without impediment, while affected individuals exhibited twitching, drunken or slowed movements, and/or an inability to right themselves after prodding. If individuals exhibited no movement at all, they were classified as dead (according to the definitions in Ranabhat et al. 2022 and Morrison et al. 2018). Cohorts were held in an environmental chamber set at 32°C, 65% RH, and 16:8 L:D. There was a total of n = 5 replicate cohorts per combination of netting, exposure time, and postexposure holding duration.,Sublethal Effects: Movement Assay Using Video-Tracking,Cohorts of 20 T. granarium were exposed for 5 min to netting without insecticide, Carifend 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin LLIN (BASF Corps, Ludwigshafen, Germany), or D-terrence 0.4% deltamethrin LLIN (Vestergaard Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland). The movement of six larvae that were alive or affected were tracked individually in separate Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm) using a network camera suspended 80 cm above the arenas and hooked up to an adjacent laptop equipped with Ethovision Software v.16.0 (Noldus Inc., Wageningen, the Netherlands). The whole setup was located in an environmental chamber set to 32°C, 65% RH, and 16:8 L:D. Larvae were tracked immediately after exposure to netting for 30 min. The distance moved, instantaneous velocity, angular velocity (deg/s), cumulative duration of low acceleration (s), and cumulative duration of not moving by T. granarium larvae were automatically recorded. There were a total of n = 30 replicate individuals per treatment.,Sublethal Effects: Semiochemical-Mediated Foraging,Pitfall traps (Storgard traps, Trece, Inc., Adair, OK, USA) were placed individually on the far side of a medium-sized Sterilite container (44.5 × 36.2 × 17.8 cm L:W:H) that had been scuffed up with sandpaper. The trap was baited with a bullet lure (IL-203, Insects Limited, Westfield, IN, USA) containing the T. granarium and T. variabile sex pheromone, (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, 3 g of wheat germ, or was left unbaited (e.g., control). Cohorts of 10 T. granarium were exposed to control netting (without insecticide) or D-Terrence with 0.4% deltamethrin (Vestergaard Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland) in a Petri dish. Subsequently, the cohort of 10 larvae were removed, and were released on the opposite side of the container with the trap, and given an opportunity of 24 h to forage to the trap. At the end of the dispersal period, the total number of larvae inside the trap, on the stimulus half of the container, and on the non-stimulus half of the container were recorded.,

,2.1. Insects,Four to six-week-old T. variabile and T. inclusum were sexed or mixed-sex adults were used for the experiment to mimic natural populations at food facilities. Trogoderma variabile and T. inclusum were obtained from the field in Kansas in 2016 and 2012, respectively. Both species were fed 300 g of ground dog food (SmartBlend, Lamb flavor, PurinaOne, Nestlé Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) with oats and a moistened, crumpled paper towel on the surface in a 950 ml mason jar. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod. For both species, adults were sexed based on body size and antennal segments as mentioned above and they were observed under the stereoscope microscope at between 10–100× magnification (SMZ18, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).,2.2. Treatments,The LLIN in this study consisted of a polyethylene netting (2 × 2 mm mesh, Vestergaard, Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland) with 0.4% deltamethrin, or control netting without insecticide but otherwise identical in physical properties, including mesh size and material composition. These were used with the movement assay.,2.3. Food and pheromonal semiochemicals,We assessed the movement in the vicinity of important pheromone and food kairomones after exposure to the deltamethrin-based LLINfter) or control netting. Food stimuli included 0.01 g of whole, organic, unbleached flour (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA), and pheromonal stimuli consisted of a broad spectrum, multi-species lure with the sex or aggregation pheromones for six stored product species (Plodia-Trogoderma-Lasioderma [PTL] lure, IL-108-10, Batch# 1288200321, Insects Limited, Westfield, IN), including Trogoderma spp. pheromone. We disassembled the lure and used a single bead out of the 15 beads present in each replicate, and affixed it in place so it did not move in a Petri dish using a 1 × 1 mm square of parafilm followed the similar procedure as in the study of Ranabhat et al. (2024). We used a fresh lure for each replication of testing.,2.4. Movement assay,Single-sex or mixed-sex adult T. variabile and T. inclusum were exposed to LLIN and their behaviors were compared to a those exposed to control netting. Cohorts of 5 adults were exposed for 1 min to the control net or LLIN affixed to a 24 × 24 cm Petri dish in the laboratory. Effects on the movement of exposed adults in response to food cues (using 0.01 g of flour) or with conspecific sex pheromones as described above were assessed either immediately or after being held for 24 h in Petri dishes under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food, and then assayed using the video-tracking combined with Ethovision video-tracking system software (v.14.5 Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA, USA). Only alive or affected adults were tracked, and placed in the center of arenas for experiments. We used the definitions in Ranabhat et al. (2022), but shortly alive adults were defined as moving with normal speed and activity and able to right themselves if flipped, while affected adults exhibited sluggish or drunken movements, could not right themselves if flipped, and some or all of their limbs exhibited twitching. Dead adults showed no signs of movement. The network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrensburg, Germany) was suspended 76 cm above and centered over six replicate 100 × 15 cm (D:H) Petri dish arenas held in place with a foamboard on an artist’s light box (LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China). Arenas were lined with a piece of filter paper (85 mm D, Ahlstrom-Munksjo Filtration, LLC, Mt. Holly Springs, PA, USA) adhered with four pieces of double-sided tape (CHI4050, Permanent, Skillcraft, USA) placed equally on cardinal side of the arena. A small 1.1 cm hidden stimulus zone encircled each stimulus, midway and centered on each half of the arena wherein movement was tracked separately from each half of the arena (Figure 1). A hidden zone is one in which the system assumes that when a walking insect enters it, the insect

,2.1 Experimental Insects,A field strain of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) obtained from Pottawatomie Co, KS, and eastern KS, respectively, were used in this study. We used four to eight-week-old adults of both species. Cultures of R. dominica and T. castaneum have been maintained in the laboratory since 2019 and 2012, respectively at the USDA Center for Grain Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. Ryzopertha dominica were reared on tempered organic whole wheat, while T. castaneum were reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast. The colonies were subcultured on a monthly basis. The colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod in environmental chambers (Percival Scientific, Perry, IA, USA).,2.2 Experimental Arena and its Production,The experimental arena consisted of a 63 cm × 15.5 cm × 9.5 cm L:W: H metal frame. This arena also contained four square blocks of concrete (e.g., Rockite, Hartline Products Co., Cleveland, OH, USA) measuring 15.24 cm × 15.24 cm × 1.5 cm L:W: H to create a testing platform that mimics the surface of a food facility (Figure 1). The concrete was prepared by first mixing tap water and Rockite cement mix in a large water pitcher. The tap water was added to the dry Rockite mixture and combined until a thick paste consistency was achieved. The slurry was poured into a 1.1 L volume silicone square mold (15.24 cm × 15.24 cm). The slurry was poured 1.5 cm thick. The cement concrete squares were left to dry and solidify at room temperature for 2–3 d. Cement squares were modular and new ones were used with each replicate performed for the assay.,In each experimental arena, there were four cement squares (Figure 1). We applied tape (VWR International, LLC Radnor, PA, USA) on the wall of the metal frame before placing the concrete to make it easier to remove the concrete after each replicate was conducted, and so the metal forms could be re-used. Adhesive caulk (DAP Kwik Seal, DAP Products Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA) was applied to fill any gaps between the concrete squares or between the concrete and the metal frame. The concrete at the distal end of the experimental arena was filled with 20 g of whole, organic, unbleached flour (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) for T. castaneum or organic whole wheat (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) for R. dominica. Insects were released on the concrete square at the opposite end. The two middle concrete slabs were reserved for one or two treatments as below. The inner wall of the metal frame was coated with fluon (polytetrafluoroethylene, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) to prevent insect escape.,2.3 Insecticide formulation for concrete,2.4 Treatment,We assembled the experimental arenas for each treatment replicated on separate days. In each experimental arena, we released 30 mixed-sex adults of either R. dominica or T. castaneum (just a single species per arena) at the far end of the testing platform opposite the food source. Each dispersal apparatus was placed into a sterilite bin (86.3 × 30.5 × 39.4 cm L:H:W) to prevent insect escape and effects from neighboring apparatuses, and placed on the shelf of a walk-in environmental chamber at the same conditions as the rearing colonies. After a 48 h dispersal period, we counted the number of insects on each concrete square and we also checked their conditions in clean petri dishes lined with filter paper. The condition of the adults was checked under the dissecting microscope and rated as alive, affected, or dead by following the definitions in Morrison et al. 2018. Briefly, the alive were moving around normally without impairment, while those that were affected showed uncertain movements, twitching of extremities, and/or were not able to right themselves after being gently prodded with a paintbrush. Those that were classified

,Insects,Beetles used in this study were obtained from stock colonies maintained at the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s (ARS) Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR) in Manhattan, KS, USA. Colonies of R. dominica and S. oryzae were reared on organic whole wheat kernels that had been tempered to 15% grain moisture. To subculture, a total of 50 adult individuals were placed on 200 mL of grain in a mason jar (capacity: 473 mL) and given 14 d to mate and lay eggs. At the end of that period, adult hosts were removed by sieving with a #10 sieve (2.00 mm; W.S Tyler Inc., Mentor, Ohio), and colonies were allowed to age for 3-weeks prior to using beetles as hosts for parasitoid rearing. Theocolax elegans were maintained separately on two different hosts, either R. dominica or S. oryzae for at least three full generations. Freshly emerged, healthy T. elegans were used for the experiments below. All colonies of parasitoids were maintained in a separate environmental chamber than host-only colonies to prevent cross-contamination. Colonies were maintained in mason jars and stored in an environmental chamber under constant conditions (27.5°C, 60% RH, 14:10 L:D).,Interactions with Predators,Laboratory studies were performed in 2022 and 2023 at the USDA Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (Manhattan, KS, USA). From July–October of each year, predators were collected weekly from local post-harvest food facilities, including the Kansas State Agronomy Farm (GPS: 39.2062227, -96.5951959), where S. oryzae and other stored product pests are abundantly found (Morrison et al. 2025[1] ). Most predators used in trials were collected by sweep netting (Bioquip Products, Inc., Rancho Dominguez, CA) sampling vegetation adjacent to grain bins or by hand collection and held temporarily in 1-gal (=3.98 L) Ziplocks, then immediately brought back to the lab in a cooler on insulated ice packs. In the lab, insects were processed by individually placing predators into a 950-mL mason jar with 10 S. oryzae from colonies. The predators were identified to family (Marshall 2006, Paquin et al. 2017). Mason jars with predators and S. oryzae were then placed on shelves in an environmental chamber set to constant conditions (27.5°C, 60% RH, 14:10 L:D). After 24 h, the jars were checked, and the number of S. oryzae consumed was recorded as well as the presence of any self-aggregation behavior of S. oryzae together and away from the predator, which was taken to be evidence for non-consumptive effects in the presence of the predator. The results of predators were only included when there were n = 3 or greater number of replicates.,Ethovision,Video-tracking coupled with Ethovision software v.14.0 (Noldus, Inc., Leesburg, VA: Noldus et al. 2002) was used to investigate the impact of natural enemy kairomones on the mobility and orientation of R. dominica and S. oryzae over short distances. This system has previously been used for analyzing the mobility and foraging behaviors of stored product insects (Wilkins et al. 2020; Ponce et al. 2022). Six arenas consisting of Petri dishes (VWR Petri dishes, 100 × 15 mm) with an 85-mm filter paper (Grade 1, Whatman, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL) adhered to the bottom using double-sided sticky tape were arranged 80 cm below a network video camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrensburg, Germany). The movement of individual insects within each arena was simultaneously recorded on an adjacent computer. Four zones were monitored in Ethovision, including the two halves of the Petri dish (i.e. treatment half vs control half) and two 1 cm diameter zones nested in the middle of each half where stimuli were applied (treatment stimulus zone and control stimulus zone). The position of treatments was randomized between replicates and a total of n = 12 replicate assays were conducted for each treatment. For each assay, a single insect was introduced into the center of an arena and its movement was tracked for a total of 10 min. Several

,This package includes the data from field experiments to measure the range of attraction of two "male lures" on two different pest fruit fly species via Mark-Release-Recapture (MRR). These values will be of importance to those seeking to optimize fruit fly detection networks or other networks of traps. Methyl eugenol is found to be more attractive to Bactrocera dorsalis compared with trimedlure to Ceratitis capitata. Data consists of number released, proportion responsive, quality control assay results, and recaptures in traps set in a grid pattern after the release.,Resources in this dataset:,,

,Insecticide Netting In this study, we focused on two types of long-lasting insecticide netting (LLIN) that have been found to be effective for managing various stored product insect pests. One is an LLIN consisting of a polyethylene netting (2 × 2 mm mesh, D-Terrence, Vestergaard, Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland) with 0.4% deltamethrin active ingredient (a.i.), while the second one is Carifend® net (40 deniers with mesh size 97 knots/cm2; BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany) containing 0.34% α-cypermethrin (a.i.).,Foundational Model We used a standard Lefkovitch matrix model to project population growth for Tribolium castaneum, with four life stages (e.g., egg, larva, pupa, and adult;(Lefkovitch,1965). In equation (1), the Leftkovitch matrix L matrix (4 × 4) represents the life-stage structure of T. castaneum which has an egg, larvae, pupae, and an adult, where only the adults contribute to the fecundity, F. By multiplying L with the population vector ni(t), where t is time step (e.g., generation) and i is a life stage, we obtain the resultant vector ni(t + 1), which reveals the distribution of individuals across different life stages in the subsequent time period. In equation (1), P1 represents the probability of staying in the egg stage and G1 is the probability of moving from the egg to the larval stage, P2 is the probability of staying in the larval stage, G2 is probability of moving from the larval stage to pupal stage, P3 is the probability of staying in the pupal stage, G3 is probability of moving from the pupal stage to adult, while P4 is the probability of staying in the adult stage (Figure 1).,Model Parameterization and Scenarios We simulated population outcomes for up to 15 generations by using the life table data for T. castaneum using the R package popbio. Survivorship, fecundity, and transition information for each stage were derived from the literature (summarized in Table 1). The developmental duration of eggs, larvae, and pupae were 3.82 ± 0.005, 22.81 ± 0.67, and 6.24 ± 0.071 days (Kollros,1944). The average life duration of the adult used in this study was 221.16 days (Park et al., 1961). We used 94 offspring for fertility from the study Park et al.,(1965) and 99% rate of eclosion from pupae to adult. In order to explore the sensitivity of the base model to changes in mortality and fecundity, both of these parameters were systematically varied from near zero to their maximum value given in the base model (e.g., F = 94, P4 = 0.871). The parameters were varied alone or in combination and the resulting population growth was plotted. All plots were created using ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016) in R software (R Core Team, 2022). Three empirical scenarios from the literature were modeled containing estimates of fecundity reduction only, survivorship reduction only, or both fecundity and survivorship reduction when using LLIN (R.V. Wilkins et al., 2021; Gerken et al., 2021;Scheff et al., 2021, Scheff et al., 2023; Table 2). An individual projection matrix was constructed for each of the three scenarios and combinations of the reductions in fecundity, survivorship, or both. Population growth and proportion in each life stage was projected for 15 generations for each case, including the base model. Overall variation and oscillation were calculated to compare trends among proportion of life stages in each case. In order to compare differences in population sizes between cases for all generations and for generation 15 only, population sizes for each generation were bootstrapped 1000 times to provide iterative replication. The bootstrapped data were then compared one case to another using proc ttest in SAS (Version 9.4) for all generations and for generation 15 only. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which stage should be targeted to most greatly affect the population growth after exposure to the netting. Moreover, a mortality function based on empirical data with LLIN exposure collected in the laboratory

,Insects,Adult P. truncatus were obtained from insect colonies kept in the Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology (LEAZ), at the Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece, on whole maize kernels, at 26°C and 55% relative humidity (RH) and continuous darkness.,Insecticide-Incorporated Netting,The experiments were carried out in plastic petri dishes 90 mm in diameter (50.4 cm2 bottom surface). The inside of each petri dish was covered with two types of LLIN (0.4% deltamethrin, D-Terrence, Vestergaard INC., Lausanne Switzerland; and 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin, Carifend, BASF Ag, Ludwigshafen, Germany) and a polytetraflurorethylene preparation (Fluon, 60 wt% dispersion in water, Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) to prevent insects from escaping. An additional series of dishes with physically identical control netting were prepared without an insecticide treatment to serve as the control. Twenty P. truncatus were then exposed on the insecticide-treated netting in petri dishes for 60, 90, 120, 240 min, 1, 3, and 5 days.,Mortality and Recovery,After exposure, insects were evaluated for mortality and individual P. truncatus that remained alive or knocked down (not dead) were then place into clean Petri dish arenas with a small amount of clean cracked maize kernels and evaluated for delayed mortality after 7 days. Using a stereomicroscope (SMZ-18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) under 60× magnification, P. truncatus were classified as alive (moving normally, is able to right itself when flipped over, no twitching), affected (moving sluggishly or erratically, unable to right itself, twitching of antennae or legs may be present), or dead (completely immobile even after prodding) according to prior published definitions. There were three 3 replicates for each time treatment and netting type and 3 subreplicates for a total of 9 replicates for each treatment combination.,Explanation of files,The file "Greece Net Data 2023_All" includes the raw mortality ratings, whereas "Greece Net Data 2023_Recovery" includes calculated recovery values by P. truncatus, where recovery was calculated to "alive" from the initial reading (0 d) in "Greece Net Data 2023_All".,

,Insect Sources,Insect colonies of R. dominica and T. castaneum maintained continuously at the USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research were used. This included T. castaneum collected in Eastern KS (USA) from 2012, and R. dominica collected from Eastern KS in 2019. Tribolium castaneum and had been reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast, while R. dominica was reared on tempered organic whole wheat. Adults that were 4–6-week-old were used for experiments. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod.,Treatments,The following netting treatments were used: negative control (e.g., no netting), positive control (netting identical to LLIN but without insecticide; Item#1721-9668, Casa Mesh White, Casa Solid, Joann’s Fabrics, Hudson, OH, USA), 0.34% w/w alpha-cypermethrin LLIN (Carifend, BASF Corps, Ludwigshafen, Germany), and a 0.4% w/w deltamethrin LLIN (D-Terrence, Vestergaard Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland).,Laboratory food dust assay,To evaluate the effect of food dust on the efficacy of LLIN, there were two food dust regimes. Netting was either used as is or fully dipped into organic flour (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) that filled a 9 × 9 cm square Petri dish. After exposure to food dust, the netting was used to line a new, clean 9 × 9 cm Petri dish. Rhyzopertha dominica and T. castaneum adults were tested in cohorts of 20 and exposed on the netting for 10 min continuously in the Petri dishes, then their conditions were checked at 1, 24, 48 h, and 168 h after exposure. Insects were held in an environmental chamber set to 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 L:D. Conditions were classified as the percentage that were alive (normally moving around unimpeded), affected (showing abnormal or sluggish movements, but movement still present, even if just twitching of extremities), or dead (completely immobile; full definitions in Morrison et al. 2018). This was performed under a stereomicroscope (SMZ18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan). A total of n = 5 replicate cohorts were tested per combination of treatments (dust regime, netting type, exposure time, post-exposure holding duration, and species).,Spillage assay,To evaluate whether netting could be used to protect sites of spillage, we performed a spillage assay in the laboratory. For this assay, only netting without insecticide but identical to LLIN and 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin LLIN (BASF) was used. Netting was placed covering a single layer of 35 g of whole organic hard winter wheat (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) in a 9 × 9 cm square Petri dish. A control treatment included a single layer of positive control or alpha-cypermethrin LLIN placed in a Petri dish without food. Cohorts of 20 mixed-sex R. dominica or T. castaneum adults were exposed continuously to the netting for 48 h. After that period, the conditions of the adults were recorded as alive (moving normally), affected (sluggish movements, unable to right themselves when fallen, or twitching body parts), or dead (completely immobile) according to established definitions in (Morrison et al., 2018). After sieving adults, we placed the grain from the Petri dish in a separate vial (11 × 4.9 cm H:D) for six weeks to check for progeny production, including the number of larvae, pupae, and adults. A total of n = 7 replicate cohorts were tested per combination of treatments.,Interception assay,To determine whether LLIN can prevent horizontal dispersal of stored product insects to sites of spillage, we performed an interception assay. A single layer of organic, whole wheat (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) was placed in a 245 × 245 mm large square Petri dish (Item# 431111, Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA). In the center of the dish, a 2.5 x 24.5 cm (W × L) strip of netting was added on top of the wheat. A total of 50 mixed-sex R. dominica or T. castaneum adults were added to the middle of zone 1 (e.g., release zone; Figure 1). The remainder of the dish was

,A systematic search of the literature using Google Scholar, (https://scholar.google.com/) and Web of Science was used to identify studies that examined the effects of individual compounds or mixtures of MVOCs on the behavioral responses of stored-product arthropods. Stored-product arthropods were defined as those insects and arachnids attacking stored, durable commodities in the post-harvest supply chain at any of the successive links, including storage, transportation, processing, and marketing. Where applicable, we parsed studies into component experiments where behavioral responses or other factors such as type of assays or measured variables may have differed (e.g. dosage, compound, etc.). We classified each test as resulting in statistically significant attraction (+), repellence (−), or neither (○) compared to a negative or positive control. We excluded any studies lacking appropriate negative or positive controls, lacking replication, or lacking sufficient details on the identity of tested substrates to enable appropriate interpretation. Terms used to search databases included the following singly and/or in combination: “fungal”, “volatiles”, “stored products”, “insect behavior”, “insect-microbe”, “interactions”, “semiochemicals”, “mycotoxin”, “behavioral response”, “attraction”, and “postharvest”, and combinations thereof. In addition, we kept track of methodology used for tests, response variables, target insect, insect stage, and microbial taxon. We split our analysis up between tests with complex (but usually uncharacterized) blends of MVOCs, and those with known individual or known component mixtures of MVOCs.,,