,This dataset is associated with the forthcoming publication entitled, "Microbial volatile organic compounds mediate attraction by a primary but not secondary stored product insect pest in wheat", and includes data on grain damage from near infrared spectroscopy, behavioral data from wind tunnel and release-recapture experiments, as well as volatile characterization of headspace from moldy grain. For all files, incubation intervals 9, 18, and 27 d represent how long grain was incubated after being tempered to a grain moisture of 12, 15, or 19% or left untempered (ctrl; 10.8% grain moisture). TSO = Trece storgard oil; empty = negative control (no stimulus), LGB = lesser grain borer (Rhzyopertha dominica), and RFB = red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum).,Note: The resource 'GC/MS Grain MVOC Headspace Data' was added 2021-08-04 with the deletion of some compounds as unlikely natural compounds and potential contaminants. This is the dataset that undergirds the non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis.,See the included file list for more information about methods and results of each file in this dataset.,,

,Our goal was to manipulate and observe the density-mediated effects of crowding on the behavioral response of both species to common food-based and pheromonal stimuli, and how the volatile emission patterns from grain differed under increasing densities. To accomplish this, the density of colonies for both species was altered (10–500 adults) on a fixed quantity of food (10 g of flour or whole wheat), then the behavioral response to common food and pheromonal cues was evaluated in a wind tunnel and release-recapture experiment, and the volatiles from the colonies were examined through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Importantly, our results suggest that, at least for T. castaneum, crowded conditions attenuates attraction to food-based stimuli, but not pheromonal stimuli. Crowding seemed to have no effect on R. dominica response to food stimuli at the densities tested. The relative composition and abundance of headspace volatiles emitted varied significantly with different densities of beetles and was also species-specific. Overall, our results have implications for behaviorally-based management tactics that may be able to improve the sustainability of post-harvest agriculture.,

,To determine whether colony populations of Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle, CB) and Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil, RW) vectored microbes, and to identify possible interactions with dispersal time, a vectoring assay was performed for each species. For the vectoring assay, the impact of dispersal (0, 24, or 72 h) and foraging time (3 or 5 d) on vectoring ability were tested. Briefly, adult L. serricorne or S. oryzae were singly removed from colony containers with sterilized forceps and then placed immediately in the center of Petri dish containing agar for the 0 h dispersal period. Alternatively, some insects were given a 24 or 72 h dispersal period in an autoclaved 4 L-capacity glass container and stored at constant conditions of 25°C, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D photoperiod prior to being added to the PDA. Petri dishes were maintained at 30°C, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D photoperiod for either 3 or 5 days, then photographed for microbial growth. Transfer of L. serricorne or S. oryzae adults from dispersal containers to agar at the conclusion of the dispersal period was performed inside the biosafety cabinet to prevent contamination of dishes.,Pictures of the agar dishes and corresponding microbial growth were taken using a DSLR camera (EOS 7D Mark II, Canon, Tokyo, Japan) mounted to 3D imaging StackShot (CogniSys, Inc., Traverse City, MI, USA) equipped with a dual flash (MT-26EX-RT, Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Light was diffused using a partially cut frosted plastic jar (15.2 × 7.6 cm D:H) making a total of n = 60 replicates per treatment combination (of dispersal time, insect species, and foraging time in patch). The pictures taken were processed using ImageJ 1.53a (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, USA) to quantify the microbial growth in the agar dishes. The images had their backgrounds subtracted, then were processed using the "find edges" tool. Finally, they were converted to binary and either dilated or eroded to conform to the original image parameters. A circle encompassing the Petri dish was created and the mean grayscale, standard deviation of the grayscale value, and count of pixels was measured as a surrogate for microbial growth on the dishes. This allowed a quantitative measure of microbial growth by creating an average in a given image. The mean grayscale value could range from 0 (full white), indicating no microbial growth, to 255 (full black), indicating full microbial growth on the entire dish. Finally, visually, microbial morphospecies (alpha) richness was assigned to each image given the number of unique morphospecies on the plate as a proxy for community complexity.,Treatments included those from microbially-enriched environments where Aspergillus flavus had been inoculated on wheat or flour (AF). To prepare the AF, 600 g of grain was added to a stainless-steel pot filled with water and placed on a hot plate at 500°C. Once boiling for 15 min, the water was drained and the grain was evenly spread out on sterile wipes (38.1 × 42.5 cm, 3 ply, Tech wipes, Skilcraft, NIB, Alexandria, VA) and allowed to dry inside a laminar fume hood (ca. 3 h). Afterwards, grain was evenly divided (~300 g) and placed in two separate autoclaved mason jars (950-mL capacity). A single hole was pierced through each lid and lined with a cotton ball. The jars were then sealed with aluminum foil and were autoclaved (533LS, Getinge, Rochester, NY, USA) for 30 min. To inoculate with A. flavus, a 3-inch strip of agar containing a pure culture of A. flavus grown on agar for 7 d at 30°C, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D photoperiod was placed into each jar containing the grain. AF was then maintained at room temperature for roughly 10 d or until the A. flavus evenly covered as much the grain as possible. Batches of inoculated grain were used within 10–15 d of preparation. Grain was never used more than once for each replicate of every trial in each assay experiment to prevent cross contamination. A total of 75 insects were added to 300 g of AF in

,Data collected by Sabita Ranabhat from early Sep 2020 - Jun 2021. It consists of two experiments: one evaluating mobility of Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica after exposure to differently formulated controlled release materials for 0-60 min, and a second experiment looking at median lethal time after exposure to cheesecloth treated with permethrin, deltamethrin, indoxacarb, and dinotefuran between 0-168 h. Tested strains include phosphine-resistant and phosphine-susceptible populations.,,

,The aim of the current study was to track the movement of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which is a major pest of stored products, after brief exposures to phosphine. Exposures were followed for extended intervals to assess the recovery patterns, and how those patterns are related to known resistance to phosphine. A video-tracking procedure coupled with Ethovision software was used to assess movement after exposure.,Two strains of T. castaneum were used, one susceptible and one resistant to phosphine. The susceptible T. castaneum strain had been maintained in continuous culture without any known exposure to phosphine for >30 years at the USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR), in Manhattan, KS, USA. The phosphine-resistant strain of T. castaneum was collected from wheat in Palmital, Brazil during 1988 (BRZ-5). The rearing media consisted of 95% organic, unbleached, wheat flour plus 5% brewer's yeast. Tribolium castaneum were reared under laboratory conditions of 27.5°C, and 65% relative humidity (R.H.), 14:10 L:D. Adults, of mixed sex and <1 month old, were used in the exposure bioassays.,The protocol that was used in our bioassays to generate phosphine was the Phosphine Tolerance Test (Detia Degesch GmbH, Laudenbach, Germany) with some modifications, as performed by Agrafioti et al. 2021. In particular, the phosphine was generated within a plastic canister (5 L capacity) by adding 50 mL of water to two kit magnesium phosphide pellets. The concentration of phosphine gas inside the plastic canister was determined by using several dosimeter Draeger glass tubes (Draeger 25A, 0–10 000 ppm, Draeger Safety AG & Co., USA). Ten adults of each strain were placed in a plastic syringe of 100 mL with separate syringes used for each species and strain. Then, a specific gas quantity was removed from the canister with the syringe and blended with fresh air to produce a 100-mL volume with a concentration of either 1000 or 3000 ppm and compared to phosphine-free controls (0 ppm). The insects inside the syringe were held at the concentrations above for a 5 min exposure, while additional syringes containing only fresh air and insects were used as negative controls.,To understand the propensity for movement after a 5 min phosphine exposure, a video-tracking procedure was used. After exposure of phosphine-resistant or phosphine-susceptible T. castaneum for 5 min, adult movement was evaluated immediately after exposure or 24 h later under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies (see Source Insects), but held without supplemental food. Movement was recorded for 3 h immediately after phosphine exposure but binned into 30 min intervals (e.g., 0–30, 30–60, 60–120, 120–150, and 150–180 min) in order to evaluate how movement varied over the measured time period. Movement was also recorded 24 h after exposure for periods of 1 h (binned by 30 min intervals). Movement measures of adults was tracked in six replicate Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm D:H) with a piece of filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining the bottom using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W:L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board with holes specifically cut to size for the petri dishes. Video was streamed to a nearby computer and processed in Ethovision (v. 14.0.1322, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The software was used to calculate the total distance moved (cm) and the mean instantaneous velocity (cm/s) for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. Only adults classified as alive (normal movement speed and activity), or affected (sluggish movements or on back with legs twitching) were used in this assay.

,We evaluated the flight behavior of E. giganteana in response to semiochemicals identified from other closely related Eucosma species, including: (Z)- and (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-dodecenol, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate, and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate. The goals of this study were to evaluate whether any of these compounds could improve capture of E. giganteana on clear sticky cards in the field, and whether the most attractive volatiles might affect flight behavior on a computer-automated flight mill assay. We found that there was significant attraction to (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate in two years in the field, which may possibly be a component in the pheromone blend for E. giganteana. On flight mills, E. giganteana flew an average of 23 km in a 24 h period. The presence of attractive stimuli (e.g., (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate) had arresting properties and decreasing flight distance on the mill by 78 to 80%. The longest flight distances were registered in the morning (4:00–12:00) and were 1.8-fold greater than flight distances and durations at night (20:00–4:00). (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate may be useful in behaviorally based monitoring and management strategies for E. giganteana. Overall, our research expands the knowledge on the chemical ecology of adult E. giganteana.,Dataset includes testing field-captured E. giganteana adults collected from UV light traps deployed at The Land Institute in Salina, KS, and hand-collected at night during the period of peak activity for E. giganteana. Two trials are included: a field baiting assay, and laboratory flight mill assay. In the field baiting assay, each field had three transects spaced at least 10 m apart, each with a full set of semiochemical treatments represented. Each trap within the transect was spaced 10 m apart. Each trap consisted of a 1.27-cm diameter PVC pipe hammered in row with the silflower to a finished height of 1 m, in line with the canopy of Silphium integrifolium. A single 30.4 cm × 30.4 cm clear sticky card (Alpha Scents, Canby, OR, USA) was folded in half and inserted in a 271 cm long sticky card ring holder (Olson Products Inc., Medina, OH, USA). The ring holder was bent at a 90° angle to wedge the card holder upright in position, which was subsequently wedged in the opening at the top of the PVC pipe. A single, capped LDPE 3-mL dropping bottle with one of the semiochemical treatments above was inserted in the top of the PCV pipe opening and affixed in place by tying it to the card holder with garden wire. Every week, the lures were replaced with a freshly prepared treatment and the position of the lure was rotated in the transect every two weeks. Traps were rotated because of the short duration of the flying season and resulted in every treatment occupying every position at least once. Sticky cards were changed on a weekly basis after the first recorded capture of an E. giganteana adult. Traps were deployed 7 June 2019 to 14 August 2019 and 15 June 2020 to 10 August 2020. In total, there were n = 3 replicates of each semiochemical treatment per field site. The number of E. giganteana and Lepidopteran nontargets was counted on each sticky card after freezing cards at −20 °C for at least 24 h.,For the flight mill assay, six adults were run simultaneously on the six flight mills described in the associated article (15-FMASM SDP Unit, Crist Instrument Co., Hagerstown, MD, USA) to test flight capacity. Each trial was started between 15:00 and 18:00 by gently blowing on the insect to initiate flight and run for 24 h in parallel. Assays were conducted at 21.4 ± 0.01 °C temperature and 54.2 ± 0.2% RH and monitored with a datalogger (UX100-011, Hobo, temp/RH logger, Onset, Bourne, MA, USA). The semiochemical treatments in the flight mill assay included (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, and an unbaited control (acetone solvent only). Semiochemicals were freshly prepared in LDPE dropping bottles, as in the field-baiting

,Description: This dataset consists of field data (arthropods, nematodes and NDVI) collected over the course of 6 field excursions in 2015 and 2016 near TyTy, GA, in a field used for growing Miscanthus x giganteus. It also includes interpolated values of soil measurements collected in 2015 and meteorological data collected on an adjacent farm. Point-in-time measurements include all meteorological, NDVI, arthropod and nematode measurements and their derivatives. Fixed values were measurements that were held constant across all sampling dates, including location, terrain and soils measurements and their derivatives.,Dawn Olson and Jason Schmidt collected and processed arthropod count data. Jason Schmidt collected and processed spider count data and computed spider diversity. Richard Davis collected and processed nematode count data. Alisa Coffin collected and processed NDVI data and positional locations. Tim Strickland collected and processed soils data and Alisa Coffin interpolated soils values using kriging to derive values at arthropod sample locations. David Bosch collected and processed meteorological data. Lynne Seymour provided statistical expertise in deriving any estimated values (phloem feeders, parasitoids, spiders, and natural enemies). Alisa Coffin derived terrain data (elevation, slope, aspect, and distances) from publicly available datasets, transformed values (SI, WI, etc), carried out the geographically weighted regression analysis and calculated C:SE values, harmonized the full dataset, and compiled it using Esri's ArcGIS Pro 2.5. Methods for most data are published in the accompanying paper and associated supplements.,Questions about dataset development and management should be directed to Alisa Coffin (alisa.coffin@usda.gov). This work was accomplished as a joint USDA and University of Georgia project funded by a cooperative agreement (#6048-13000-026-21S). This research was a contribution from the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network. LTAR is supported by the United States Department of Agriculture.,At request of the author, the data resources are under embargo. The embargo will expire on Fri, Jan 01, 2021.,

,Behavioral data for eight strains of red flour beetles in three behavioral assays and two commercial lures.,The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a major pest of facilities where grain is processed because of its ability to find and colonize food resource patches. Traps baited with pheromone and kairomone lures are commonly used to monitor for the presence of insects in warehouses or flour mills, for example. However, two nonmutually exclusive components, environment and genetics, could influence insect responsiveness to volatiles, impacting the efficacy of monitoring. Intraspecific variation in attraction behavior to food and mates is largely unexplored in stored-product insects, but tapping into natural genetic variation could provide a baseline for identifying genetic mechanisms associated with finding resources. Here, we assess eight strains of T. castaneum for variation in response to kairomone- and pheromone-based lures using three behavioral assays: paired choice with no forced air flow, upwind attraction with forced air flow, and movement pattern in an arena with a single odor source. We find strain-specific responses to kairomones and pheromones and evidence for heritability in behavioral responses. However, environmental coefficients for behavioral responses to both lures are high, suggesting that environment, and its potential interaction with genotype, strongly influences behavioral outcomes in these assays. Furthermore, despite the different environmental conditions among the different behavioral assays, we find a correlation for volatile preference among the assays. Our results provide a baseline assessment of natural variation for preference to kairomone and pheromone lures and suggest that careful consideration of behavioral assay is key to understanding the mechanisms of attraction in these stored-product pests.,,

,Four to six-week-old larvae of Trogoderma variabile and Trogoderma inclusum were used for the experiment. Both strains were originally obtained from the field in north-central Kansas in 2016 and 2012, respectively. Colonies of these species were reared under controlled conditions in an environmental chamber set to a temperature of 27.5 °C, 65% RH, and 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod. Both species were fed 300 g of ground dog food (SmartBlend, Lamb flavor, PurinaOne, St. Louis, MO, USA) with oats sprinkled on top and a moistened, crumpled paper towel placed on the surface in a 950-ml mason jar.,Treatments The long-lasting insecticide-incorporated polyethylene netting (2 × 2 mm mesh, D-Terrance, Vestergaard Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland) included 0.4% deltamethrin, or control netting that was identical in physical properties but without insecticide. These were used with the movement assay. We assessed the movement in the vicinity of important pheromonal and food kairomones after exposure to LLIN or control netting. Food consisted of 0.01 g of organic, unbleached flour (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA), and pheromonal stimuli included a broad spectrum, multi-species lure (PTL lure, IL-108-10, Batch#1288200321, Insects Limited, Westfield, IN, USA), including Trogoderma spp pheromone (Ranabhat et al. 2023a). In each replicate, we used a single pellet (white color), and affixed it in place so it did not move in a Petri dish using a 1 × 1 mm square of parafilm. For each replication of testing, we used a fresh lure.,Movement Assay The movement of larvae after exposure to the 0.4 % deltamethrin LLIN or a control netting in response to food cues (using 0.01 g of flour) or with conspecific sex pheromones (using a single bead from a disaggregated PTL lure held in place with a small square of parafilm), was tracked in six individual arenas (100 × 15 mm D: H) with a piece of filter paper (85 mm D, Ahlstrom-Munksjö, Helsinki, Finland) lining the bottom for 30 min using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrenburg, Germany) affixed 76 cm above and centered over the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W:L LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board. The video was streamed to a computer and processed in Ethovision (v.14.5 Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA, USA). Prior to use in the movement assay, larvae of T. variabile or T. inclusum were exposed to the 0.4% deltamethrin LLIN or a control netting for 1 min in a 21 × 21 cm square Petri dish, then their movement was tracked individually after a post-exposure holding duration of 1 min or 24 h. A small 1.1 cm hidden stimulus zone encircled each stimulus, midway and centered on each half of the arena wherein movement was tracked separately from each half of the arena (control vs. treatment). The total distance moved (cm), instantaneous velocity (cm/s), frequency of entering each half of the petri dish and stimulus zone, cumulative duration spent in each zone (s), and latency of entering each zone (s) over a 30 min trial period was logged after exposure to a given treatment. The control side of the arena remained empty. A total of n = 16 replicates were run per treatment combination for both species,No-Choice Release-Recapture Assay A release- recapture experiment was conducted for the larvae of both T. variabile and T. inclusum where larvae were exposed to the 0.4% deltamethrin LLIN and control netting for 1 min. After exposure, treated insects were released at one corner of the sanded plastic bin (60 × 41.6 × 16.5 cm L:W:H ). A commercial pitfall trap (Dome Trap™, Trécé, Inc., Adair, OK, USA) that contained a PTL lure (used only white beads as above), or 0.01 g flour, or no stimuli (unbaited for control), was deployed in the opposite corner, diagonally across from the release point in the bin. The bins were located in a large (4.8 × 2.1 × 6 m, L:W:H) walk-in environmental chamber (Percival Instruments, Dallas County, IA,

,Insect Strains and Rearing: Two field-derived strains of T. castaneum from either Eastern Kansas, collected in 2012, or Riley County, KS, collected in 2019, were used to assess the effect of strain on the behavioral response to necromones. Except where noted, the 2012 field strain was used for each experiment. T. castaneum was reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached flour and 5% brewer’s yeast in an environmental chamber at 27.5ºC, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D. Subculturing proceeded by adding 75 mixed-sex T. castaneum to a 947-ml mason jar filled two-thirds with mixed diet. Adults were removed after 72 h of oviposition. Mixed sex adults aged 4–8 weeks old were used in all assays. All experiments were performed between the years 2017–2020.,Treatments:,Time of Death of Prior Captures on Behavioral Response: For investigating the attraction to kairomone oil based on how long beetles were left in the oil, the following treatments were included: negative control (neg ctrl), 950μL of Trécé Storgard® Kairomone Oil (kairomone oil for the remainder of the manuscript; Adair, OK, USA) only, or 950 μL of kairomone oil plus 25 freshly killed, mixed sex T. castaneum adults aged in the oil for 1, 25, 48, 72, or 96 h. A second round of the beetles aged longer than 8 days was included with the following treatments: negative control (neg ctrl), 950μL of kairomone oil only, or 950 μL of kairomone oil plus 25 freshly killed, mixed sex T. castaneum adults aged in the oil for 8, 9, 10, or 11 d (Table 1). These experiments were performed in a combination of the wind tunnel, release-recapture assay, and two-choice olfactometer (Table 1). Treatments were added to 20 mL GC headspace vials (Gerstel, GmBH, Germany) for wind tunnel assays, while they were added to Trécé Storgard™ Dome® traps in the release-recapture assays.,Influence of Density of Prior Captures on Behavioral Response: In order to evaluate whether the behavioral response of T. castaneum modulates with different densities of conspecifics in traps, the following treatments for the density response study were used: the same negative control, 950 μl of kairomone oil only, or 950 μl of kairomone oil plus either 4, 10, 20, or 40 mixed sex T. castaneum adults that were allowed to incubate for 24 h or 96 h. These experiments were performed in a combination of the wind tunnel, release-recapture assay, and headspace collection/GC-MS (Table 1). Treatments were added to 20 mL GC headspace vials (Gerstel, GmBH, Germany) for wind tunnel assays, while they were added to Trécé Storgard™ Dome® traps in the release-recapture assays.,Effect of Strain on Behavioral Response to Prior Captures: To rule out losing the attraction behaviors from laboratory-rearing protocols, a more recent T. castaneum strain was used and tested against the strain from Eastern Kansas collected in 2012. Thus, both a 2012 and 2019 field-collected (from Riley Co., Kansas) population of T. castaneum were tested in these experiments. The treatments for the strain effect consisted of a negative control, kairomone oil only, and 950 μl of kairomone oil plus either 4, 10, 20, or 40 mixed sex T. castaneum adults, which were allowed to incubate for 24 h. Both strains were tested in the wind tunnel and a release-recapture assay (Table 1).,Effect of Rancidity on Behavioral Response to Prior Captures: We conducted an experiment to test if long-term storage of the kairomone oil may have caused it to become rancid, despite being stored at 4ºC as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Treatments included: 950 μl of the kairomone oil we have used for most of our other experiments (e.g., standard Storgard® kairomone oil, or SSO) only, Storgard® kairomone oil borrowed from a colleague at the Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR) (e.g., BSO), corn oil purchased freshly from the market (e.g., CO), or one of each of these treatments + 25 dead T. castaneum (Table 1). Attraction behavior was assessed in the wind tunnel.,Assay Methods:,Wind Tunnel