,A systematic search of the literature using Google Scholar, (https://scholar.google.com/) and Web of Science was used to identify studies that examined the effects of individual compounds or mixtures of MVOCs on the behavioral responses of stored-product arthropods. Stored-product arthropods were defined as those insects and arachnids attacking stored, durable commodities in the post-harvest supply chain at any of the successive links, including storage, transportation, processing, and marketing. Where applicable, we parsed studies into component experiments where behavioral responses or other factors such as type of assays or measured variables may have differed (e.g. dosage, compound, etc.). We classified each test as resulting in statistically significant attraction (+), repellence (−), or neither (○) compared to a negative or positive control. We excluded any studies lacking appropriate negative or positive controls, lacking replication, or lacking sufficient details on the identity of tested substrates to enable appropriate interpretation. Terms used to search databases included the following singly and/or in combination: “fungal”, “volatiles”, “stored products”, “insect behavior”, “insect-microbe”, “interactions”, “semiochemicals”, “mycotoxin”, “behavioral response”, “attraction”, and “postharvest”, and combinations thereof. In addition, we kept track of methodology used for tests, response variables, target insect, insect stage, and microbial taxon. We split our analysis up between tests with complex (but usually uncharacterized) blends of MVOCs, and those with known individual or known component mixtures of MVOCs.,,

,Our goals were to 1) isolate, and culture two fungal morphotypes, 2) characterize the volatile emissions from grain inoculated by each fungal morphotype (Aspergillus flavus or Fusarium spp.) compared to uninoculated and sanitized grain, and 3) understand how MVOCs from each morphotype affects mobility, attraction, and preference by L. serricorne. Headspace collection revealed that the Fusarium- and A. flavus-inoculated grain produced significantly different volatiles compared to sanitized grain or the positive control. Changes in MVOC emissions affected close-range foraging during an Ethovision assay, with a greater frequency of entering and spending time in a small zone with kernels inoculated with A. flavus compared to other treatments. In the release-recapture assay, MVOCs were found to be attractive to L. serricorne at a longer distances in commercial pitfall traps. While there was no preference shown among semiochemical stimuli in a still-air, four-way olfactometer, it is possible that methodological limitations prevented robust interpretation from this assay. Overall, our study suggests that MVOCs are important for close- and long-range orientation of L.serricorne during foraging, and that MVOCs may have the potential for inclusion in behaviorally-based tactics for this species.,

,Behavioral data for eight strains of red flour beetles in three behavioral assays and two commercial lures.,The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a major pest of facilities where grain is processed because of its ability to find and colonize food resource patches. Traps baited with pheromone and kairomone lures are commonly used to monitor for the presence of insects in warehouses or flour mills, for example. However, two nonmutually exclusive components, environment and genetics, could influence insect responsiveness to volatiles, impacting the efficacy of monitoring. Intraspecific variation in attraction behavior to food and mates is largely unexplored in stored-product insects, but tapping into natural genetic variation could provide a baseline for identifying genetic mechanisms associated with finding resources. Here, we assess eight strains of T. castaneum for variation in response to kairomone- and pheromone-based lures using three behavioral assays: paired choice with no forced air flow, upwind attraction with forced air flow, and movement pattern in an arena with a single odor source. We find strain-specific responses to kairomones and pheromones and evidence for heritability in behavioral responses. However, environmental coefficients for behavioral responses to both lures are high, suggesting that environment, and its potential interaction with genotype, strongly influences behavioral outcomes in these assays. Furthermore, despite the different environmental conditions among the different behavioral assays, we find a correlation for volatile preference among the assays. Our results provide a baseline assessment of natural variation for preference to kairomone and pheromone lures and suggest that careful consideration of behavioral assay is key to understanding the mechanisms of attraction in these stored-product pests.,,

,Meta-data from over 100 studies that examined induction of plant phenolic compounds following colonization by insects or microbial organisms (both pathogens and beneficials). This meta-data was used in a meta-analysis to observe that both insects and microbes consistently induce phenolic production. The meta-data covers publications that range from 2008 to 2017.,,

,The aim of the current study was to track the movement of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which is a major pest of stored products, after brief exposures to phosphine. Exposures were followed for extended intervals to assess the recovery patterns, and how those patterns are related to known resistance to phosphine. A video-tracking procedure coupled with Ethovision software was used to assess movement after exposure.,Two strains of T. castaneum were used, one susceptible and one resistant to phosphine. The susceptible T. castaneum strain had been maintained in continuous culture without any known exposure to phosphine for >30 years at the USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR), in Manhattan, KS, USA. The phosphine-resistant strain of T. castaneum was collected from wheat in Palmital, Brazil during 1988 (BRZ-5). The rearing media consisted of 95% organic, unbleached, wheat flour plus 5% brewer's yeast. Tribolium castaneum were reared under laboratory conditions of 27.5°C, and 65% relative humidity (R.H.), 14:10 L:D. Adults, of mixed sex and <1 month old, were used in the exposure bioassays.,The protocol that was used in our bioassays to generate phosphine was the Phosphine Tolerance Test (Detia Degesch GmbH, Laudenbach, Germany) with some modifications, as performed by Agrafioti et al. 2021. In particular, the phosphine was generated within a plastic canister (5 L capacity) by adding 50 mL of water to two kit magnesium phosphide pellets. The concentration of phosphine gas inside the plastic canister was determined by using several dosimeter Draeger glass tubes (Draeger 25A, 0–10 000 ppm, Draeger Safety AG & Co., USA). Ten adults of each strain were placed in a plastic syringe of 100 mL with separate syringes used for each species and strain. Then, a specific gas quantity was removed from the canister with the syringe and blended with fresh air to produce a 100-mL volume with a concentration of either 1000 or 3000 ppm and compared to phosphine-free controls (0 ppm). The insects inside the syringe were held at the concentrations above for a 5 min exposure, while additional syringes containing only fresh air and insects were used as negative controls.,To understand the propensity for movement after a 5 min phosphine exposure, a video-tracking procedure was used. After exposure of phosphine-resistant or phosphine-susceptible T. castaneum for 5 min, adult movement was evaluated immediately after exposure or 24 h later under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies (see Source Insects), but held without supplemental food. Movement was recorded for 3 h immediately after phosphine exposure but binned into 30 min intervals (e.g., 0–30, 30–60, 60–120, 120–150, and 150–180 min) in order to evaluate how movement varied over the measured time period. Movement was also recorded 24 h after exposure for periods of 1 h (binned by 30 min intervals). Movement measures of adults was tracked in six replicate Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm D:H) with a piece of filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining the bottom using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W:L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board with holes specifically cut to size for the petri dishes. Video was streamed to a nearby computer and processed in Ethovision (v. 14.0.1322, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The software was used to calculate the total distance moved (cm) and the mean instantaneous velocity (cm/s) for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. Only adults classified as alive (normal movement speed and activity), or affected (sluggish movements or on back with legs twitching) were used in this assay.

,This package includes the data from field experiments to measure the range of attraction of two "male lures" on two different pest fruit fly species via Mark-Release-Recapture (MRR). These values will be of importance to those seeking to optimize fruit fly detection networks or other networks of traps. Methyl eugenol is found to be more attractive to Bactrocera dorsalis compared with trimedlure to Ceratitis capitata. Data consists of number released, proportion responsive, quality control assay results, and recaptures in traps set in a grid pattern after the release.,Resources in this dataset:,,

,2.1 Source Host and Parasitoid Insects,For all assays, 4–8-week-old R. dominica were reared on wheat, while S. oryzae were reared on wheat tempered to 13% grain moisture. To subculture, a total of 50 individuals were placed on 200 mL of grain in a mason jar (capacity: 473 mL) and given 14 d to mate and lay eggs. At the end of that period, adults were removed by sieving with a #10 sieve (2.00 mm; W.S Tyler Inc., Mentor, Ohio), and colonies were allowed to age for 3-weeks prior to using beetles as hosts for parasitoid rearing. Hosts used for experiments below were 2–3 weeks old. Theocolax elegans were maintained separately on two different hosts, either R. dominica or S. oryzae for at least three full generations. All colonies of hosts and parasitoids were held at 27.5°C, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D, with parasitoids maintained in a separate environmental chamber than host only colonies to prevent cross-contamination.,2.2 Odor Treatments,Odor treatments included: 13 g of S. oryzae-damaged grain (SO-grain, hereafter) from the non-natal environment, 13 g of R. dominica-damaged grain from the non-natal environment (RD-grain), 13 g of damaged grain + conspecifics from the natal environment (Natal-grain), 10 S. oryzae adults alone (SO), 10 R. dominica adults alone (RD), and a clean (uninfested and undamaged) grain control (Ctrl). Treatments were always freshly sourced from colony material as described above, and adults were sieved out of the insect-damaged grain treatments. Grain was only pulled after colonies were 4-weeks-old. These treatments were used as odor sources for the still-air and four-way olfactometer assay. Odor treatments for the headspace characterization included: clean grain, R. dominica-infested grain, R. dominica-infested grain + T. elegans, S. oryzae-infested grain, S. oryzae-infested grain + T. elegans, psocid-infested grain, and a clean control. We included a psocid-infested grain treatment to rule out the influence of psocids in some of the replicates, which comprised incidental contamination.,2.3 Four Arm Olfactometer,In a four-arm, still-air olfactometer, we evaluated the orientation and taxis of R. dominica- or S. oryzae-reared T. elegans to the odor treatments discussed above (Fig. 2). The custom-built olfactometer consisted of a central, circular (8.26 × 2.54 cm D:H) acrylic release chamber with 12 holes per cm (each of 1.75 mm D), with four abutting rectangular, glass chambers (6.35 × 6.35 × 2.54 cm L:W:H). The bottom of the olfactometer consisted of a single glass sheet (25.4 × 25.4 cm W:L). In each trial, one of the adjacent chambers was randomly selected to contain the odor treatment, while the other three remained empty. A single parasitoid was released in the center of the circular release chamber, and a sheet of glass (25.4 × 25.4 cm W:L) was immediately placed over the top of the olfactometer. The time to response of first decision, and the zone on which adults exited was recorded as either the treatment chamber (stimulus), or empty chamber (non-stimulus; one of the other three edges). Parasitoids were given 3 min to respond to the odors, and non-responders were excluded from analysis. A total of n = 15 replicate wasps were tested per treatment. After each replicate, the olfactometer was wiped down with methanol, then hexane, and allowed to dry. At the end of a day of testing, the whole apparatus was thoroughly washed with soap and water.,,2.4 Headspace Characterization,To characterize the relative difference in volatiles among treatments, a headspace collection system was used (after Van Winkle et al. 2022). Central air was scrubbed using an activated charcoal filter, then pushed through the remaining apparatus. The airflow was restricted to 1 L/min using a flow meter (Volatile Collection Systems, Gainsville, FL, USA) placed directly prior to the sample collection from the headspace chambers (10.2 × 12.7 cm D:H, 500 mL capacity) with an inlet for air and an outlet for a volatile collection trap (VCT).

,Insecticide: Two insecticides were used in this study: an existing formulation (tradename: Diacon IGR+ R ; Central Life Sciences, Schaumberg, IL, USA), and a new formulation with synergist (tradename: Gravista ). Diacon IGR+ contains 11.4% methoprene and 4.75% deltamethrin, with a label rate of 0.12 kg AI/L and 0.05 kg AI/L. The label rate as a residual surface treatment gives a range of 28.5 mL AI/L−171 mL AI/L H2O to cover 94 m2 for both compounds. We used the maximum labeled rate of 24 mg AI/m2 for deltamethrin and 57 mg AI/m2 for methoprene. This corresponded to 0.3 ml of the formulation in 25 ml H2O, sprayed at the rate of 0.3 ml per 50.3 cm2 arena, using an artist’s air brush (Badger 100 series, Badger Corporation, Franklin Park, IL, US) for each treatment. Each replicate was evenly applied to the concrete dish using a compressor pump. The new Gravista formulation has one labeled rate of 684 ml formulation/L H2O to cover 92.9 m2. To achieve this, we mixed 0.5 ml of the new formulation in 10 ml H2O. This was sprayed at the same rate as the other compound. Distilled water was used for the control arenas at 0.3 mL per arena. The arenas were given 8 h to dry prior to use in experiments. Insects (20 of each species per replicate) were exposed on the insecticide-treated petri dishes for either 4 or 24 h. After exposure, individual Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais were removed and placed into clean Petri dish arenas and evaluated for condition. Using a stereomicroscope (SMZ-18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) under 60× magnification, P. truncatus and S. zeamais were classified as alive (moving normally, is able to right itself when flipped over, no twitching), affected (moving sluggishly or erratically, unable to right itself, twitching of antennae or legs may be present), or dead (completely immobile even after prodding) according to prior published definitions (Ranabhat et al., 2022).,,Dispersal and Mortality: To test dispersal capacity to new food patches, a dispersal apparatus was employed. Species-specific cohorts of 20 adults (P. truncatus or S. zeamais) were exposed to Gravista, IGR+, or an untreated control as above for 4 or 24 h, then given 48 h to disperse across 30 or 70 cm standardized sections of PVC pipe (3.175 cm ID). After exposure to insecticide formulations, insects were evaluated for condition after exposure before placing them in the dispersal apparatus. The ends of both sides of the PVC pipe were sealed with mesh (425 μm) to prevent escape. At the far end of the pipe, a hole (2 cm D) was drilled and centered over a glass jar (5 × 6.5 cm D:H) to create a pitfall trap design. The glass jar contained 20 g of whole maize kernels, representing a novel food patch, to induce insects to disperse with food kairomones. Untreated, clean, and uninfested yellow maize was used in the experiments. Grain was sourced from Heartland Mills (Marienthal, KS, USA), and frozen for 72 h prior to use to ensure no prior insect infestation was present. At the end of the sampling period, the number of insects in the jar and their mortality was scored as alive, affected or dead. In addition, the position of each individual was recorded as residing in zone 1 (at the release point), zone 2 (in first half of tube), zone 3 (in second half of tube), or zone 4 (collection jar with maize). In total, there were n = 12 replicate cohorts for each species and combination of distance and treatment. In total, 1,440 P. truncatus and 1,440 S. zeamais were tested in this experiment.,