,Trapping in 2023 with a linear set of dosages of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate,Field trapping was done according to the methodology in Ruiz et al. 2022. The fields were located in North-Central Kansas at the Land Institute near Salina, KS. No pesticides were applied to these fields during the experiment in 2023. Starting the first week of June, six transects were set out, two in each Silphium integrifolium field. Each transect contained seven 30.4 cm x 30.4 cm sticky card traps (Alpha Scents, Canby, OR, USA) affixed to the top of a 1.27 cm diameter, three foot in length PVC pole that was hammered into the ground until sturdy. The cards were affixed using a 271 cm long sticky card ring holder (Olson Products Inc., Medina, OH, USA) that was bent to a 90° angle and placed inside the PVC pipe. Two large binder clips were also used to anchor the sticky card to its card holder.,The sticky traps in each transect were spaced 10 meters apart around the perimeter of the field. Within each transect, traps were baited with a linear increase in concentrations in 2023, including either a control (50 µl of acetone), a low concentration (50 µl of a solution made by mixing 5.75 µl of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate in 5 ml of acetone), or a doubled concentration (11.5 µl of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate diluted in 5 ml of acetone) of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Alfa Chemistry, Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). All lures were added to a 3-ml LDPE dropping bottle (Wheaton, DWK Life Sciences, Millville, NJ, USA). The clear sticky card traps were collected and replaced biweekly until the first E. giganteana adult was caught, then traps were changed weekly. The lures and control bottles were replaced once every two weeks (with lure emissions confirmed out to 14 d in Ruiz et al. 2022) and their position in the field rotated at each change. Each lure was in each position twice over the course of the season.,When collected, the sticky cards were held in a 7.6 L (=2 gal) labeled Ziploc© bag transported back to USDA-ARS. All collected sticky traps were placed in a freezer for approximately 24 h. The total number of E. giganteana per trap and their distance from the lure in millimeters was recorded. In addition, the number of nontarget lepidoptera was recorded on each trap. Individual E. giganteana and non-target lepidoptera were only counted if more than half of the specimen was remaining on the sticky trap at the time of counting to ensure positive identification.,Trapping in 2024 with an exponential set of concentrations of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate,Field trapping in 2024 was conducted similarly to that in 2023 with the following modifications. Three different fields located at the Land Institute were used (Table 1). [HS1] Pesticides were applied once to one of the fields and adjacent to one of the others. Three transects were deployed in each of the three fields. Each transect contained four traps for a total of 36 traps. The traps were assembled similarly to those used in 2023, but a hand-made sticky card was used instead of a manufactured one to improve captures. These sticky cards were made of a laminated 21.6 × 27.9 cm (=8.5 by 11 in) piece of white cardstock paper (Astrobright, Neenah, WI, USA) coated on both sides with TADⓇ all-weather adhesive (Trécé Adhesives Division, Adair, OK, USA). The sticky sides were covered with wax paper for ease of travel. Additionally, the sticky cards had a chicken wire cage placed over them in the field to try to prevent the capture of birds and other nontargets on the traps. Traps in 2024 were baited with an exponential set of concentrations of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate. In each transect, there was a solvent only control (50 µl of acetone), a low concentration equivalent to the 2023 treatment (50 µl of a solution made of 5.75 µl of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate diluted in 5 ml of acetone), a medium concentration (50 µl of a solution made of 78.5 µl of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate diluted in 5 ml of acetone), and a high concentration (50 µl of a solution made

,Lower activity threshold study,To evaluate the lower activity threshold, E. giganteana larvae were collected starting in the first week of April to May 21st, 2023, at the Land Institute, Salina, KS (38.768402, -97.567081). The larvae were collected from outdoor potted S. integrifolium plants. The top six to eight centimeters of soil within each pot was removed and sifted through a 0.635 cm mesh screen to remove all loose soil. Any lepidopteran hibernacula in the remaining debris were removed and placed into a plastic screw-top container with a mesh bottom to allow airflow. All collected hibernacula (and the larvae within) were transported to the USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (Manhattan, KS, USA) in an insulated ice chest. If they were unable to be transported the same day they were collected, they were instead kept in a refrigerator at 4.4℃. A total of 97 E. giganteana larvae were collected across 10 dates (2 April, 7 April, 8 April, 12 April, 14 April, 3 May, 4 May, 17 May, 19 May, 21 May).,Once in the lab all hibernacula were opened and the larvae were counted, and any non-E. giganteana larvae were excluded from the study. Larvae were then sorted into Petri dishes (100 × 15 mm, diameter: height) and labeled according to when they had been collected, the date they were placed in the environmental chambers (Percival Scientific Inc., Perry, IA, USA), and the temperature (7, 12.5, 18, 27.5, and 30 ℃). The Petri dishes were buried in a larger container (300 × 150 × 100 mm length:width:height) containing potting soil to mimic their natural environment, insulation, and humidity. The soil-filled container was watered whenever the soil had dried to mimic the natural moisture cycle. Beginning May 11th, E. giganteana larvae in the chambers were checked every one to three days, newly constructed hibernacula were counted, and dead larvae were documented and removed. No further larvae were placed in the chamber after May 16th as they had all rapidly died.,To determine their lower activity threshold (LAT), two E. giganteana larvae from the same chamber were removed from their initial environmental chamber (e.g., 7, 12.5, 18, or 27.5 ℃) and placed in a separate environmental chamber with a different temperature (e.g., 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, and 20℃) as a common garden experiment. This new temperature was intended to mimic a change in temperature that the larvae would experience during the spring in their natural environment. In the chamber, each larva’s s movements were recorded for 30 min in a smaller Petri dish (35 × 15 mm diameter: height) using a Dino-Lite camera (AF4135ZTE, Dino-Lite, VA, USA) attached to a Dino-Lite stand (RK-06A Dino-Lite, VA, USA) using a fully rotating clip before returned to its chamber of origin. Video was streamed live to a nearby laptop and captured with DinoCapture 2.0 (v.1.5.48.A, AnMo Electronics, New Taipei City, Taiwan). Each larva was only used once in each temperature. The selection of larvae for a given temperature was randomized. There was a total of n = 6–24 replicates per common chamber temperature. The range of replicate numbers was due to larval death during the duration of this experiment. Video files were uploaded manually into Ethovision software (v.16.0, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA, USA), which was then used to track and quantify the movement of each larva in the recordings (n= 233 total, 6,990 minutes). The total distance moved (cm) and velocity (cm/s) was recorded.,Weather data and GDD Model,Weather data was provided by The Land Institute through a weather station positioned on their property (38.80000, -97.60000). Shielded air temperature was measured using a Vantage Pro2 Plus weather station (Davis Instruments, Hayward, CA, USA) that fed its data to WeatherLink. The station has been in continuous operation for more than 10 years. This weather station provided readings of the high and low temperature every 30 minutes. GDD were calculated based on the

,Four to six-week-old larvae of Trogoderma variabile and Trogoderma inclusum were used for the experiment. Both strains were originally obtained from the field in north-central Kansas in 2016 and 2012, respectively. Colonies of these species were reared under controlled conditions in an environmental chamber set to a temperature of 27.5 °C, 65% RH, and 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod. Both species were fed 300 g of ground dog food (SmartBlend, Lamb flavor, PurinaOne, St. Louis, MO, USA) with oats sprinkled on top and a moistened, crumpled paper towel placed on the surface in a 950-ml mason jar.,Treatments The long-lasting insecticide-incorporated polyethylene netting (2 × 2 mm mesh, D-Terrance, Vestergaard Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland) included 0.4% deltamethrin, or control netting that was identical in physical properties but without insecticide. These were used with the movement assay. We assessed the movement in the vicinity of important pheromonal and food kairomones after exposure to LLIN or control netting. Food consisted of 0.01 g of organic, unbleached flour (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA), and pheromonal stimuli included a broad spectrum, multi-species lure (PTL lure, IL-108-10, Batch#1288200321, Insects Limited, Westfield, IN, USA), including Trogoderma spp pheromone (Ranabhat et al. 2023a). In each replicate, we used a single pellet (white color), and affixed it in place so it did not move in a Petri dish using a 1 × 1 mm square of parafilm. For each replication of testing, we used a fresh lure.,Movement Assay The movement of larvae after exposure to the 0.4 % deltamethrin LLIN or a control netting in response to food cues (using 0.01 g of flour) or with conspecific sex pheromones (using a single bead from a disaggregated PTL lure held in place with a small square of parafilm), was tracked in six individual arenas (100 × 15 mm D: H) with a piece of filter paper (85 mm D, Ahlstrom-Munksjö, Helsinki, Finland) lining the bottom for 30 min using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrenburg, Germany) affixed 76 cm above and centered over the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W:L LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board. The video was streamed to a computer and processed in Ethovision (v.14.5 Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA, USA). Prior to use in the movement assay, larvae of T. variabile or T. inclusum were exposed to the 0.4% deltamethrin LLIN or a control netting for 1 min in a 21 × 21 cm square Petri dish, then their movement was tracked individually after a post-exposure holding duration of 1 min or 24 h. A small 1.1 cm hidden stimulus zone encircled each stimulus, midway and centered on each half of the arena wherein movement was tracked separately from each half of the arena (control vs. treatment). The total distance moved (cm), instantaneous velocity (cm/s), frequency of entering each half of the petri dish and stimulus zone, cumulative duration spent in each zone (s), and latency of entering each zone (s) over a 30 min trial period was logged after exposure to a given treatment. The control side of the arena remained empty. A total of n = 16 replicates were run per treatment combination for both species,No-Choice Release-Recapture Assay A release- recapture experiment was conducted for the larvae of both T. variabile and T. inclusum where larvae were exposed to the 0.4% deltamethrin LLIN and control netting for 1 min. After exposure, treated insects were released at one corner of the sanded plastic bin (60 × 41.6 × 16.5 cm L:W:H ). A commercial pitfall trap (Dome Trap™, Trécé, Inc., Adair, OK, USA) that contained a PTL lure (used only white beads as above), or 0.01 g flour, or no stimuli (unbaited for control), was deployed in the opposite corner, diagonally across from the release point in the bin. The bins were located in a large (4.8 × 2.1 × 6 m, L:W:H) walk-in environmental chamber (Percival Instruments, Dallas County, IA,

,Our goal was to manipulate and observe the density-mediated effects of crowding on the behavioral response of both species to common food-based and pheromonal stimuli, and how the volatile emission patterns from grain differed under increasing densities. To accomplish this, the density of colonies for both species was altered (10–500 adults) on a fixed quantity of food (10 g of flour or whole wheat), then the behavioral response to common food and pheromonal cues was evaluated in a wind tunnel and release-recapture experiment, and the volatiles from the colonies were examined through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Importantly, our results suggest that, at least for T. castaneum, crowded conditions attenuates attraction to food-based stimuli, but not pheromonal stimuli. Crowding seemed to have no effect on R. dominica response to food stimuli at the densities tested. The relative composition and abundance of headspace volatiles emitted varied significantly with different densities of beetles and was also species-specific. Overall, our results have implications for behaviorally-based management tactics that may be able to improve the sustainability of post-harvest agriculture.,

,Our goals were to 1) isolate, and culture two fungal morphotypes, 2) characterize the volatile emissions from grain inoculated by each fungal morphotype (Aspergillus flavus or Fusarium spp.) compared to uninoculated and sanitized grain, and 3) understand how MVOCs from each morphotype affects mobility, attraction, and preference by L. serricorne. Headspace collection revealed that the Fusarium- and A. flavus-inoculated grain produced significantly different volatiles compared to sanitized grain or the positive control. Changes in MVOC emissions affected close-range foraging during an Ethovision assay, with a greater frequency of entering and spending time in a small zone with kernels inoculated with A. flavus compared to other treatments. In the release-recapture assay, MVOCs were found to be attractive to L. serricorne at a longer distances in commercial pitfall traps. While there was no preference shown among semiochemical stimuli in a still-air, four-way olfactometer, it is possible that methodological limitations prevented robust interpretation from this assay. Overall, our study suggests that MVOCs are important for close- and long-range orientation of L.serricorne during foraging, and that MVOCs may have the potential for inclusion in behaviorally-based tactics for this species.,

Data were collected from two laboratory rearing experiments conducted in 2018 of Trichoplusia ni caterpillars that had been parasitized by Copidosoma floridanum parasitoids. In the first experiment, parasitized caterpillars were fed artificial diets spiked with increasing concentrations of the phytochemical xanthotoxin in order to assess the effect of xanthotoxin on parasitoid success. In the second experiment, parasitized caterpillars were switched between diets with differing xanthotoxin concentration, such that all caterpillars experienced the same mean xanthotoxin concentration over their lives, but different treatments experienced different variability in xanthotoxin concentration. Data were recorded on caterpillar survival and parasitoid fitness components (e.g. number of offspring, proportion of offspring emerging from host, sex ratio of adult offspring).

Data were collected from two laboratory rearing experiments conducted in 2018 of Trichoplusia ni caterpillars that had been parasitized by Copidosoma floridanum parasitoids. In the first experiment, parasitized caterpillars were fed artificial diets spiked with increasing concentrations of the phytochemical xanthotoxin in order to assess the effect of xanthotoxin on parasitoid success. In the second experiment, parasitized caterpillars were switched between diets with differing xanthotoxin concentration, such that all caterpillars experienced the same mean xanthotoxin concentration over their lives, but different treatments experienced different variability in xanthotoxin concentration. Data were recorded on caterpillar survival and parasitoid fitness components (e.g. number of offspring, proportion of offspring emerging from host, sex ratio of adult offspring).

,Description: This dataset consists of field data (arthropods, nematodes and NDVI) collected over the course of 6 field excursions in 2015 and 2016 near TyTy, GA, in a field used for growing Miscanthus x giganteus. It also includes interpolated values of soil measurements collected in 2015 and meteorological data collected on an adjacent farm. Point-in-time measurements include all meteorological, NDVI, arthropod and nematode measurements and their derivatives. Fixed values were measurements that were held constant across all sampling dates, including location, terrain and soils measurements and their derivatives.,Dawn Olson and Jason Schmidt collected and processed arthropod count data. Jason Schmidt collected and processed spider count data and computed spider diversity. Richard Davis collected and processed nematode count data. Alisa Coffin collected and processed NDVI data and positional locations. Tim Strickland collected and processed soils data and Alisa Coffin interpolated soils values using kriging to derive values at arthropod sample locations. David Bosch collected and processed meteorological data. Lynne Seymour provided statistical expertise in deriving any estimated values (phloem feeders, parasitoids, spiders, and natural enemies). Alisa Coffin derived terrain data (elevation, slope, aspect, and distances) from publicly available datasets, transformed values (SI, WI, etc), carried out the geographically weighted regression analysis and calculated C:SE values, harmonized the full dataset, and compiled it using Esri's ArcGIS Pro 2.5. Methods for most data are published in the accompanying paper and associated supplements.,Questions about dataset development and management should be directed to Alisa Coffin (alisa.coffin@usda.gov). This work was accomplished as a joint USDA and University of Georgia project funded by a cooperative agreement (#6048-13000-026-21S). This research was a contribution from the Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) network. LTAR is supported by the United States Department of Agriculture.,At request of the author, the data resources are under embargo. The embargo will expire on Fri, Jan 01, 2021.,

,The aim of the current study was to track the movement of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which is a major pest of stored products, after brief exposures to phosphine. Exposures were followed for extended intervals to assess the recovery patterns, and how those patterns are related to known resistance to phosphine. A video-tracking procedure coupled with Ethovision software was used to assess movement after exposure.,Two strains of T. castaneum were used, one susceptible and one resistant to phosphine. The susceptible T. castaneum strain had been maintained in continuous culture without any known exposure to phosphine for >30 years at the USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR), in Manhattan, KS, USA. The phosphine-resistant strain of T. castaneum was collected from wheat in Palmital, Brazil during 1988 (BRZ-5). The rearing media consisted of 95% organic, unbleached, wheat flour plus 5% brewer's yeast. Tribolium castaneum were reared under laboratory conditions of 27.5°C, and 65% relative humidity (R.H.), 14:10 L:D. Adults, of mixed sex and <1 month old, were used in the exposure bioassays.,The protocol that was used in our bioassays to generate phosphine was the Phosphine Tolerance Test (Detia Degesch GmbH, Laudenbach, Germany) with some modifications, as performed by Agrafioti et al. 2021. In particular, the phosphine was generated within a plastic canister (5 L capacity) by adding 50 mL of water to two kit magnesium phosphide pellets. The concentration of phosphine gas inside the plastic canister was determined by using several dosimeter Draeger glass tubes (Draeger 25A, 0–10 000 ppm, Draeger Safety AG & Co., USA). Ten adults of each strain were placed in a plastic syringe of 100 mL with separate syringes used for each species and strain. Then, a specific gas quantity was removed from the canister with the syringe and blended with fresh air to produce a 100-mL volume with a concentration of either 1000 or 3000 ppm and compared to phosphine-free controls (0 ppm). The insects inside the syringe were held at the concentrations above for a 5 min exposure, while additional syringes containing only fresh air and insects were used as negative controls.,To understand the propensity for movement after a 5 min phosphine exposure, a video-tracking procedure was used. After exposure of phosphine-resistant or phosphine-susceptible T. castaneum for 5 min, adult movement was evaluated immediately after exposure or 24 h later under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies (see Source Insects), but held without supplemental food. Movement was recorded for 3 h immediately after phosphine exposure but binned into 30 min intervals (e.g., 0–30, 30–60, 60–120, 120–150, and 150–180 min) in order to evaluate how movement varied over the measured time period. Movement was also recorded 24 h after exposure for periods of 1 h (binned by 30 min intervals). Movement measures of adults was tracked in six replicate Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm D:H) with a piece of filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining the bottom using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W:L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board with holes specifically cut to size for the petri dishes. Video was streamed to a nearby computer and processed in Ethovision (v. 14.0.1322, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The software was used to calculate the total distance moved (cm) and the mean instantaneous velocity (cm/s) for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. Only adults classified as alive (normal movement speed and activity), or affected (sluggish movements or on back with legs twitching) were used in this assay.

,To determine whether colony populations of Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle, CB) and Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil, RW) vectored microbes, and to identify possible interactions with dispersal time, a vectoring assay was performed for each species. For the vectoring assay, the impact of dispersal (0, 24, or 72 h) and foraging time (3 or 5 d) on vectoring ability were tested. Briefly, adult L. serricorne or S. oryzae were singly removed from colony containers with sterilized forceps and then placed immediately in the center of Petri dish containing agar for the 0 h dispersal period. Alternatively, some insects were given a 24 or 72 h dispersal period in an autoclaved 4 L-capacity glass container and stored at constant conditions of 25°C, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D photoperiod prior to being added to the PDA. Petri dishes were maintained at 30°C, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D photoperiod for either 3 or 5 days, then photographed for microbial growth. Transfer of L. serricorne or S. oryzae adults from dispersal containers to agar at the conclusion of the dispersal period was performed inside the biosafety cabinet to prevent contamination of dishes.,Pictures of the agar dishes and corresponding microbial growth were taken using a DSLR camera (EOS 7D Mark II, Canon, Tokyo, Japan) mounted to 3D imaging StackShot (CogniSys, Inc., Traverse City, MI, USA) equipped with a dual flash (MT-26EX-RT, Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Light was diffused using a partially cut frosted plastic jar (15.2 × 7.6 cm D:H) making a total of n = 60 replicates per treatment combination (of dispersal time, insect species, and foraging time in patch). The pictures taken were processed using ImageJ 1.53a (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, USA) to quantify the microbial growth in the agar dishes. The images had their backgrounds subtracted, then were processed using the "find edges" tool. Finally, they were converted to binary and either dilated or eroded to conform to the original image parameters. A circle encompassing the Petri dish was created and the mean grayscale, standard deviation of the grayscale value, and count of pixels was measured as a surrogate for microbial growth on the dishes. This allowed a quantitative measure of microbial growth by creating an average in a given image. The mean grayscale value could range from 0 (full white), indicating no microbial growth, to 255 (full black), indicating full microbial growth on the entire dish. Finally, visually, microbial morphospecies (alpha) richness was assigned to each image given the number of unique morphospecies on the plate as a proxy for community complexity.,Treatments included those from microbially-enriched environments where Aspergillus flavus had been inoculated on wheat or flour (AF). To prepare the AF, 600 g of grain was added to a stainless-steel pot filled with water and placed on a hot plate at 500°C. Once boiling for 15 min, the water was drained and the grain was evenly spread out on sterile wipes (38.1 × 42.5 cm, 3 ply, Tech wipes, Skilcraft, NIB, Alexandria, VA) and allowed to dry inside a laminar fume hood (ca. 3 h). Afterwards, grain was evenly divided (~300 g) and placed in two separate autoclaved mason jars (950-mL capacity). A single hole was pierced through each lid and lined with a cotton ball. The jars were then sealed with aluminum foil and were autoclaved (533LS, Getinge, Rochester, NY, USA) for 30 min. To inoculate with A. flavus, a 3-inch strip of agar containing a pure culture of A. flavus grown on agar for 7 d at 30°C, 60% RH, and 14:10 L:D photoperiod was placed into each jar containing the grain. AF was then maintained at room temperature for roughly 10 d or until the A. flavus evenly covered as much the grain as possible. Batches of inoculated grain were used within 10–15 d of preparation. Grain was never used more than once for each replicate of every trial in each assay experiment to prevent cross contamination. A total of 75 insects were added to 300 g of AF in