This dataset contains laboratory experiment data that were collected to examine the effects of temperature and elevated pCO2 on the developmental and physiological responses of larval Arctic cod (Boregogadus saida). High-latitude ecosystems are simultaneously warming and acidifying under ongoing climate change. Arctic cod are a key species in the Arctic Ocean and have demonstrated sensitivity to ocean warming and acidification as adults and embryos, but their larval sensitivity to the combined stressors is unknown. In a laboratory multi-stressor experiment, larval Arctic cod were exposed to a combination of three temperatures (1.8, 5 and 7.3°C) and two carbon dioxide (pCO2) levels (ambient: 330 μatm, high: 1470 μatm) from hatching to 6-weeks of growth. Mortality rates were highest at 7.3°C (5% day-1); however, both growth and morphometric-based condition were also highest at this temperature. When these metrics were assessed via a mortality: growth (M:G) ratio, 5°C appeared to be an optimal temperature for net population biomass, as faster growth at 7.3°C did not fully compensate for higher mortality. In contrast, although morphometric-based condition was lowest at 1.8°C, lipid-based condition was highest, which may reflect prioritization of lipid storage at cold temperatures. The capacity of larval Arctic cod to acclimate to a range of temperatures was exhibited by two lipid-based indicators of membrane fluidity, including a ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids and a ratio of polar lipids to sterols. The effects of elevated pCO2 were subtle, as well as temperature- and metric dependent. When exposed to elevated pCO2 levels, Arctic cod at 1.8°C exhibited signs of lipid dysregulation, suggesting potential interference with membrane acclimation; larvae at 5°C were in lower morphometric-based condition; and larvae at 7.3°C had higher activity eicosanoid substrates, indicating possible physiological stress. Overall, Arctic cod physiological response to temperature variation was more pronounced than their response to elevated pCO2. Future projections of pCO2 effects on Arctic cod health in a warming ecosystem will need to consider the complexity of temperature-dependence and the specificity of multiple physiological responses.

Impacts of elevated carbon dioxide on marine ecosystems depend on physiological responses to consequential decreased pH and increased temperature. Responses to these environmental factors vary among species and life stages, and interactive effects can be significant. To study effects of decreased pH and increased temperature on juvenile red king crab (RKC, Paralithodes camtschaticus) we exposed individuals to three levels of temperature: 11 degrees Celsius (ambient), 13 degrees Celsius, and 14 degrees Celsius, crossed with three levels of pH: 8.0, 7.8 and 7.5, for a total of nine treatments. To better understand the effect of these environmental changes at the level of genome regulation, we analyzed total RNA of whole crabs using Illumina-based RNA-seq whole-transcriptome sequencing. We assembled a RKC transcriptome using Trinity, annotated the transcriptome using Trinotate, and estimated expression levels using bowtie2, samtools and eXpress. Differentially expressed genes were identified using EdgeR. Genes were clustered by expression patterns. Interactive effects were determined by comparing sets of differentially expressed genes using three statistical models to examine the effect of temperature, the effect of pH, and the interaction between temperature and pH in EdgeR. The largest set of differentially expressed genes encoded proteins involved in regulation of extracellular and cuticular structures, including chitin-binding and calcification related proteins.

Juvenile red and blue king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus and P. platypus) were exposed to three pH levels: ambient (pH 8.1), pH 7.8, and pH 7.5 for three weeks. Oxygen consumption and feeding ration were determined immediately after exposure to treatment water and after three weeks exposure. Growth can be calculated from the wet mass observations.

This dataset contains data from manipulated experimental seawater chemistry conditions and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) embryos and larvae growth and development impacts. The experiment took place from April 6-June 2, 2022 in the Alaska Fisheries Science Center laboratory research facilities at Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Oregon. Embryos and larvae were reared in the laboratory, and were the offspring of strip spawned adults freshly caught near Kodiak Island, Alaska. Experiments occurred for up to 9 weeks at one of six combinations of three temperatures (3, 6, 10 °C) and two CO2 levels (ambient: ~360 µatm; high: ~1560 µatm) in a factorial design. This effort was conducted in support of the research objectives of the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (OAP).

This dataset contains laboratory experiment data that were collected to examine the effects of elevated levels of CO2 on the growth, survival, otolith (ear bone) condition and the skeleton of juvenile scup, Stenotomus chrysops, a species that supports both commercial and recreational fisheries. Increasing amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide from human industrial activities are causing changes in global ocean carbon chemistry resulting in a reduction in pH, a process termed ocean acidification. Studies have demonstrated adverse effects on calcifying organisms, particularly some invertebrates, corals, sea urchins, pteropods, and coccolithophores. It is important to determine which species are sensitive to elevated levels of CO2 because of the potential impacts to ecosystems, marine resources, biodiversity, food webs, populations and effects on human communities and economies. There have been few studies examining the effects of ocean acidification on marine fish, particularly the juvenile stages of species that support important fisheries. These data demonstrated that elevated levels of pCO2 (>1300 micro-atm) had no statistically significant effect on growth, survival, or otolith condition after 8 weeks of rearing. There was a trend towards a greater gain in weight and length in scup exposed to the mid-level (1726 micro-atm) and the high level (2614 micro-atm) treatments of pCO2 when compared to the fish in the control (1205 micro-atm) treatments, but these differences were not statistically significant. X-ray analysis of the fish revealed a slightly higher incidence of hyper-ossification in the vertebrae of a few scup from the highest treatments compared to fish from the control treatments. The study's results show that juvenile scup are tolerant to increases in levels of environmental pCO2, possibly due to conditions this species encounters in their naturally variable environment.

Multiple stressor studies are needed to better understand the effects of oceanic changes on marine organisms. To determine the effects of near-future ocean acidification and warming temperature on juvenile red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) survival, growth, and morphology, we conducted a long-term (184 d) fully crossed experiment with two pHs and three temperatures: ambient pH (~7.99), pH 7.8, ambient temperature, ambient +2 degree C, and ambient +4 degree C, for a total of 6 treatments.

This dataset contains laboratory experiment data that were collected to examine the effects of ocean acidification on the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, a species worth $31 million in 2009. Ocean acidification has negatively impacted growth and survival of multiple bivalve species, but because each species and developmental stage can show different responses, these studies were designed to determine potential impacts of increased CO2 on the larvae of the commercially important surfclam. Additionally, the role of nutrition (i.e., phytoplankton concentration) was included in a portion of these experiments because food availability may be able to mitigate the stress of ocean acidification and because ocean acidification has the potential to impact marine phytoplankton communities. During the summer of 2011, three different experiments were conducted at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution examining the effects of three different pCO2 concentrations on larval surf clams. Two short term experiments (~70h) examined the effect of food availability on early shell development (fed vs unfed). One long term experiment (~21d) was conducted to examine the effects of pCO2 on shell development and metamorphic success (all animals well fed). Carbonate data is reported from these preliminary short-term experiments, and survival and shell length data is reported, in addition to carbonate data, from the long-term experiment. During 2012, one 6 day experiment was conducted examining the role and potential interactive effects of high and low food availability (400 and 40,000 cells ml-1 Tiso) and differential CO2 concentrations (ambient, ~1200 ppm and ~2200ppm). From these experiments, carbonate data, shell length, mass and biochemical compositions are reported. In 2013, two additional experiments were conducted to confirm results obtained in 2012. Unfortunately we observed stunted larval growth, no feeding effect on growth, high mortalities and a general failure to thrive. Given this, we infer poor gamete quality may have been the cause, and have chosen not to interpret these data as results are suspect. Therefore, 2013 data are therefore not included in this data submission.

This dataset contains laboratory experimental data that were collected to examine the effects of elevated levels of carbon dioxide on the growth of Atlantic surfclam (Spisula solidissima), a species that supports both commercial and recreational fisheries in the Northeast United States. Three levels of carbon dioxide enrichment (low, medium, and high) were delivered to surfclams in a 12-week exposure experiment. All treatments were done in 3 replicates (A, B, C). Approximately every 2 to 3 weeks, 12 individuals were removed from each treatment and measurements of length, width, height, dry tissue, and dry shell were recorded. Length was measured across the longest part of the shell, parallel to the hinge. Width was the thickness of the shell, and height was measured form the hinge to the outer edge of the shell. Dry tissue and dry shell samples were dried at 60°C until constant weight was achieved (~5 days). DIC measurements of carbon dioxide enrichment were taken and analyzed on an Apollo SciTech, while pH was measured weekly with a spectrophotometer. Values reported for DIC, pH, temperature, and salinity are the mean of each treatment during the 12-week experiment. The data indicated that increased carbon dioxide affected growth, tissue mass, and shell weight for Atlantic surfclam.

This dataset contains laboratory experimental data that were collected to examine the effects of elevated levels of carbon dioxide on the growth of Atlantic surfclam (Spisula solidissima), a species that supports both commercial and recreational fisheries in the Northeast United States. Three levels of carbon dioxide enrichment (low, medium, and high) were delivered to surfclams in a 12-week exposure experiment. All treatments were done in 3 replicates (A, B, C). Approximately every 2 to 3 weeks, 12 individuals were removed from each treatment and measurements of length, width, height, dry tissue, and dry shell were recorded. Length was measured across the longest part of the shell, parallel to the hinge. Width was the thickness of the shell, and height was measured form the hinge to the outer edge of the shell. Dry tissue and dry shell samples were dried at 60°C until constant weight was achieved (~5 days). DIC measurements of carbon dioxide enrichment were taken and analyzed on an Apollo SciTech, while pH was measured weekly with a spectrophotometer. Values reported for DIC, pH, temperature, and salinity are the mean of each treatment during the 12-week experiment. The data indicated that increased carbon dioxide affected growth, tissue mass, and shell weight for Atlantic surfclam.

This dataset contains the biological response for Atlantic sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) exposed to three different levels of carbon dioxide enrichment (low, medium, high). The experiment took place from October 23, 2019 to December 19, 2019 (8 weeks). Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, chlorophyll-a, and seston counts are reported for the seawater during the 8 week exposure. Physiological measurements (feeding, respiration, and excretion rates) were taken 4 times during the experiment at the following temperatures (13.1C, 9.4C, 7.4C, and 6.1C). For feeding rates, the clearance rate, organic ingestion rate, assimilation rate, and assimilation efficiency are reported. From the respiration rate and excretion rate the atomic oxygen to nitrogen ratio is also reported. Scope for growth (the amount of energy available to grow) is calculated from the assimilated energy minus the energy for catabolic processes. Growth parameters were also taken during the 8 week experiment every 2 weeks. For growth parameters, dry tissue weight, dry shell weight, length, width, and thickness are reported.