Data from: Long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting and interception traps at pilot-scale warehouses and commercial facilities prevents infestation by stored product beetles
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,Attraction Assessment - assessment of different lure sources, including pheromones and kairomones for red flour beetle and lesser grain borer in the wind tunnel and release-recapture experiment under controlled settings. Abbreviations: WGO - wheat germ oil; Tab - Insects Limited SPB tablet bait; NC - negative control (no stimulus); DDGS - dried distiller's grains with soluables. There were a total of n = 12 replicate releases for the release-recapture and n = 30 replicate individuals for the wind tunnel per treatment.,Dose Dependency Data - evaluation of whether dose-dependency in attraction exists for red flour beetle and lesser grain borer in the wind tunnel and in a release-recapture experiment for the Insects Limited SPB lure. Abbreviations: SPB1 - a single Insects Limited SPB tablet bait; SPB2 - two Insects Limited SPB tablet baits; SPB3 - three Insects Limited SPB tablet baits; Ctrl - negative control (no stimulus); DDGS - dried distiller's grains with soluables. There were a total of n = 24 replicate releases for the release-recapture and n = 30 replicate individuals for the wind tunnel per treatment.,Spillage Trap Collections - datasheet for the number and lowest taxonomic unit of insects collected in interception traps with different kill mechanisms and stimuli at three food facilities in Arkansas and Kansas during 2018 and 2019. There were a total of 27 taxa tracked, and captures totaled to near 4,000. Abbreviations: C, control netting only (no stimulus); L, insecticide-netting only (no stimulus); LS, insecticide-netting with a single SPB Insects Limited tab lure; CS, control netting with a single SPB Insects Limited tab lure. State abbreviations: AR - Arkansas, KS - Kansas. There were three transects per site, each with every treatment above represented, thus a total of n = 8-9 replicate deployments in AR and n = 12 deployments in KS.,Spillage Trap Progeny- datasheet for progeny production in interception traps after six weeks under constant conditions with different kill mechanisms and stimuli at three food facilities in Arkansas and Kansas during 2018 and 2019. Abbreviations: C, control netting only (no stimulus); L, insecticide-netting only (no stimulus); LS, insecticide-netting with a single SPB Insects Limited tab lure; CS, control netting with a single SPB Insects Limited tab lure. State abbreviations: AR - Arkansas, KS - Kansas. There were three transects per site, each with every treatment above represented, thus a total of n = 8-9 replicate deployments in AR and n = 12 deployments in KS.,Trial 1 Recapture - To understand whether the method by which LLIN was deployed affected subsequent commodity infestation and progeny production, pilot-scale warehouses (5.85 × 2.81 m) in Manhattan, KS were used. At the far end of the warehouse against the back wall, a commodity consisting of a mixture of 210 mL organic, whole wheat kernels and 210 mL of organic, unbleached flour was placed. A total of 100 individuals each of T. castaneum, R. dominica, and T. variabile were released at the opposite end of the warehouse (approx. 5.25 m away). There were n = 12 replicate releases per treatment from 26 April 2019 to 16 August 2019, comprising a total of 3,600 released insects. There were four LLIN deployment methods that were tested (Figure 2). In the “hanging” treatment, LLIN (2.72 × 2.41 m) was affixed to the warehouse ceiling and allowed to hang down to the floor, completely bisecting the room. In the “cover” deployment method, LLIN was directly laid over the commodity. In the “pipe” deployment method, a PVC pipe (91 cm length, 5.1 cm I.D.) was bisected halfway with LLIN. These were compared with a "control" that used the same PVC pipe design, but without netting. Insects were given 72 h to disperse across the warehouse to the commodity. After this period, insects were collected by pre-designated zones in the warehouse. The zones were noted respective to the location of the commodity, and included "in commodity" (inside
Data from: Direct lethality and time-delayed sublethal effects of multiple types of insecticide netting against stored product insects
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,Experimental Insects,The field strains of T. castaneum and R. dominica (F.) were used in this study. The former originates from Eastern Kansas in 2012, and the latter is also from Eastern Kansas but from 2019. For all species, four to eight-week-old adults were used. Rearings were kept at the USDA Center for Grain Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. Tribolium castaneum was reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast, while R. dominica was reared on tempered organic whole wheat. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 for maintenance or 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod for the experiment.,Treatments,Treatments included exposure to three different types of long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting (LLIN). These consisted of 1) Carifend®, LLIN with 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin (40 deniers, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), 2) D-Terrence, LLIN with 0.4% deltamethrin (2 × 2 mm mesh, Vestergaard SA., Lausanne, Switzerland), and 3) 8% etofenprox LLIN (AgBio, Inc, CO, USA), and for control, we used netting identical to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but lacking insecticide.,Direct Lethality Assessments,Cohort of 20 mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed for 5, 60, or 120-min intervals on netting affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, we took the evaluated condition after 0, 24, 72, or 168 h as alive, affected, or dead condition (Figure 1), according to the definitions described in Ranabhat et al. (2022) in Petri dishes without netting containing 8.5 cm D filter paper. Briefly, living adults were defined as moving with normal speed and activity and able to right themselves if flipped. By contrast, affected adults exhibited sluggish or drunken movements, could not right themselves if flipped, and some or all of their limbs exhibited twitching. Dead adults were completely immobile. For post-exposure treatment, adults were held under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food after exposure. We performed a total of n = 4 replications per treatment combination for each species.,Baseline Mobility Assay after Exposure to LLINs,Based on the observation of the lethality assay, we focused our baseline mobility assay on Carifend® and D-Terrence LLIN. Using only alive adults, we assessed their movement in six individual Petri dishes (100 × 15 mm D: H) that consisted of a filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining. Treatments included a negative control (e.g., filter paper only), one of the two LLINS, or an identical netting to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but without insecticide (e.g., as a positive control). Their movement was tracked for 60-min using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ehrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W: L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board. The video was streamed to a computer and processed in Ethovision (v.14.0, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The program automatically calculated the total distance moved (cm) and the instantaneous velocity (cm/s) over the 60-min period for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. In total, n = 18 replicates were performed per treatment combination.,Comparison of Sublethal Effects among LLINs,For the sublethal movement assay, mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed to the Carifend®, D-Terrence LLIN, or control net as mentioned above. Cohorts of 5–10 adults were exposed for 5- or 60-min intervals on LLINs affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 Petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, the effects of the LLINs on adult movement were assessed either immediately or after 72 h in Petri dishes under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food and then assayed using the video-tracking system described above by using Ethovision
Data from: Non-consumptive effects of parasitoids and predators in stored products: The case of Theocolax elegans and other field-collected predators on the foraging of lesser grain borer and rice weevil
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,Insects,Beetles used in this study were obtained from stock colonies maintained at the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s (ARS) Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR) in Manhattan, KS, USA. Colonies of R. dominica and S. oryzae were reared on organic whole wheat kernels that had been tempered to 15% grain moisture. To subculture, a total of 50 adult individuals were placed on 200 mL of grain in a mason jar (capacity: 473 mL) and given 14 d to mate and lay eggs. At the end of that period, adult hosts were removed by sieving with a #10 sieve (2.00 mm; W.S Tyler Inc., Mentor, Ohio), and colonies were allowed to age for 3-weeks prior to using beetles as hosts for parasitoid rearing. Theocolax elegans were maintained separately on two different hosts, either R. dominica or S. oryzae for at least three full generations. Freshly emerged, healthy T. elegans were used for the experiments below. All colonies of parasitoids were maintained in a separate environmental chamber than host-only colonies to prevent cross-contamination. Colonies were maintained in mason jars and stored in an environmental chamber under constant conditions (27.5°C, 60% RH, 14:10 L:D).,Interactions with Predators,Laboratory studies were performed in 2022 and 2023 at the USDA Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (Manhattan, KS, USA). From July–October of each year, predators were collected weekly from local post-harvest food facilities, including the Kansas State Agronomy Farm (GPS: 39.2062227, -96.5951959), where S. oryzae and other stored product pests are abundantly found (Morrison et al. 2025[1] ). Most predators used in trials were collected by sweep netting (Bioquip Products, Inc., Rancho Dominguez, CA) sampling vegetation adjacent to grain bins or by hand collection and held temporarily in 1-gal (=3.98 L) Ziplocks, then immediately brought back to the lab in a cooler on insulated ice packs. In the lab, insects were processed by individually placing predators into a 950-mL mason jar with 10 S. oryzae from colonies. The predators were identified to family (Marshall 2006, Paquin et al. 2017). Mason jars with predators and S. oryzae were then placed on shelves in an environmental chamber set to constant conditions (27.5°C, 60% RH, 14:10 L:D). After 24 h, the jars were checked, and the number of S. oryzae consumed was recorded as well as the presence of any self-aggregation behavior of S. oryzae together and away from the predator, which was taken to be evidence for non-consumptive effects in the presence of the predator. The results of predators were only included when there were n = 3 or greater number of replicates.,Ethovision,Video-tracking coupled with Ethovision software v.14.0 (Noldus, Inc., Leesburg, VA: Noldus et al. 2002) was used to investigate the impact of natural enemy kairomones on the mobility and orientation of R. dominica and S. oryzae over short distances. This system has previously been used for analyzing the mobility and foraging behaviors of stored product insects (Wilkins et al. 2020; Ponce et al. 2022). Six arenas consisting of Petri dishes (VWR Petri dishes, 100 × 15 mm) with an 85-mm filter paper (Grade 1, Whatman, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL) adhered to the bottom using double-sided sticky tape were arranged 80 cm below a network video camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrensburg, Germany). The movement of individual insects within each arena was simultaneously recorded on an adjacent computer. Four zones were monitored in Ethovision, including the two halves of the Petri dish (i.e. treatment half vs control half) and two 1 cm diameter zones nested in the middle of each half where stimuli were applied (treatment stimulus zone and control stimulus zone). The position of treatments was randomized between replicates and a total of n = 12 replicate assays were conducted for each treatment. For each assay, a single insect was introduced into the center of an arena and its movement was tracked for a total of 10 min. Several
Data From: Using microencapsulated liquid pheromone for the control of Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) in a retail environment
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,The pet food and accessories industry is a multi-billion-dollar business. Goods are shipped and stored in a scheduled manner, but consumers also dictate what is bought and when, introducing extreme variability in the retail system. These products are susceptible to stored product insect pests, such as the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) which can cause significant damage to the product. Mating disruption is a form of control where extremely high doses of sex pheromone are used to disable mating. A new formulation of microencapsulated P. interpunctella female sex pheromone was tested in four pet food retail stores from 2021 to 2022 with monthly monitoring. Three stores, classified as high, medium/low, and low starting populations were sprayed with microencapsulated pheromone at 90-day intervals for a year. The fourth store remained an untreated control. Data were analyzed by store, month, and host product category (cat food and supplies; dog food and supplies; cat litter; fish, bird, and small animal products; and backroom area). Stores that were treated with encapsulated pheromone showed significantly lower populations over time. Heat maps demonstrated how unpredictable human interactions in this unique environment. These results show that this new formulation significantly reduces P. interpunctella populations over time and in combination with other IPM strategies can be recommended and brought to the forefront in a challenging commercial retail environment.,The stores that are labeled "Not Used" were assessed for baseline populations but numbers were so low that they were not used in further analyses. The numbers in each month column indicate counts of P. interpunctella moths caught in each trap.,
Data from: Attraction, mobility, and preference by Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) to microbially-mediated volatile emissions by two species of fungi in stored grain
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,Our goals were to 1) isolate, and culture two fungal morphotypes, 2) characterize the volatile emissions from grain inoculated by each fungal morphotype (Aspergillus flavus or Fusarium spp.) compared to uninoculated and sanitized grain, and 3) understand how MVOCs from each morphotype affects mobility, attraction, and preference by L. serricorne. Headspace collection revealed that the Fusarium- and A. flavus-inoculated grain produced significantly different volatiles compared to sanitized grain or the positive control. Changes in MVOC emissions affected close-range foraging during an Ethovision assay, with a greater frequency of entering and spending time in a small zone with kernels inoculated with A. flavus compared to other treatments. In the release-recapture assay, MVOCs were found to be attractive to L. serricorne at a longer distances in commercial pitfall traps. While there was no preference shown among semiochemical stimuli in a still-air, four-way olfactometer, it is possible that methodological limitations prevented robust interpretation from this assay. Overall, our study suggests that MVOCs are important for close- and long-range orientation of L.serricorne during foraging, and that MVOCs may have the potential for inclusion in behaviorally-based tactics for this species.,