This dataset is from the second of four experiments which test the toxicity of several metals with aquatic insect communities that were colonized in the field and then transferred and tested in experimental streams. Here we report original data from testing the toxicity of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) singly and in mixtures, to natural aquatic insect communities. Thus, the exposures reproduced those in experiment 1, with the addition of a third metal, Cu Trays of cleaned gravel were placed in a stream (the Cache La Poudre River, Colorado) and allowed to colonize for about 40 days before being translocated to Aquatic Experimental Stream Laboratory (AXL) which was located at the USGS Fort Collins Science Center. There the insects were exposed for 30 days to metal mixtures in ratios and concentrations similar to those occurring in ambient conditions. Emerging adult insects were captured and collected daily throughout the experiment, while larvae and metal residues in periphyton, sediment, and Brachycentrus caddisflies (a common, large-bodied, robust taxa that could survive high metals accumulations) were collected on the final day of the experiment.

This dataset is from the second of four experiments which test the toxicity of several metals with aquatic insect communities that were colonized in the field and then transferred and tested in experimental streams. Here we report original data from testing the toxicity of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) singly and in mixtures, to natural aquatic insect communities. Thus, the exposures reproduced those in experiment 1, with the addition of a third metal, Cu Trays of cleaned gravel were placed in a stream (the Cache La Poudre River, Colorado) and allowed to colonize for about 40 days before being translocated to Aquatic Experimental Stream Laboratory (AXL) which was located at the USGS Fort Collins Science Center. There the insects were exposed for 30 days to metal mixtures in ratios and concentrations similar to those occurring in ambient conditions. Emerging adult insects were captured and collected daily throughout the experiment, while larvae and metal residues in periphyton, sediment, and Brachycentrus caddisflies (a common, large-bodied, robust taxa that could survive high metals accumulations) were collected on the final day of the experiment.

This dataset is from the fourth of four experiments which test the toxicity of several metals with aquatic insect communities that were colonized in the field and then transferred and tested in experimental streams. Here we report original data from testing the toxicity of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni), singly and in mixtures, to natural benthic communities including aquatic insect and algal communities. The methods are the same as those used in Experiment 3, except for the metals combinations. Trays of cleaned gravel were placed in a stream (the Cache La Poudre River, Colorado) and allowed to colonize for about 40 days before being translocated to Aquatic Experimental Stream Laboratory (AXL) which was located at the USGS Fort Collins Science Center. There the insects were exposed for 30 days to metal mixtures in ratios and concentrations similar to those occurring in ambient conditions. Emerging adult insects were captured and collected daily throughout the experiment, and larvae were collected at the end of the experiment. Additionally, metal residues were measured in sediments, periphyton and Brachycentrus caddisflies (a common, large-bodied, robust taxa that could survive high metals accumulations). Algal biomass responses to metals were measured in situ by in-vivo fluorescence.

This dataset is from the fourth of four experiments which test the toxicity of several metals with aquatic insect communities that were colonized in the field and then transferred and tested in experimental streams. Here we report original data from testing the toxicity of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni), singly and in mixtures, to natural benthic communities including aquatic insect and algal communities. The methods are the same as those used in Experiment 3, except for the metals combinations. Trays of cleaned gravel were placed in a stream (the Cache La Poudre River, Colorado) and allowed to colonize for about 40 days before being translocated to Aquatic Experimental Stream Laboratory (AXL) which was located at the USGS Fort Collins Science Center. There the insects were exposed for 30 days to metal mixtures in ratios and concentrations similar to those occurring in ambient conditions. Emerging adult insects were captured and collected daily throughout the experiment, and larvae were collected at the end of the experiment. Additionally, metal residues were measured in sediments, periphyton and Brachycentrus caddisflies (a common, large-bodied, robust taxa that could survive high metals accumulations). Algal biomass responses to metals were measured in situ by in-vivo fluorescence.

Abstract The purpose of this sampling was to collect matched aquatic insect and water samples to support metals mixture toxicity modeling. This is part of a larger study that included exposing naturally colonized insect communities to metals mixtures in long-term laboratory toxicity tests, field surveys, and modeling (Schmidt and others, 2019). The Panther Creek sampling was conducted to give a field comparison to laboratory exposures of aquatic insect communities to cobalt (Co) plus copper (Cu) mixtures, the results of which were presented as part 4 of Schmidt and others (2019). The water samples from the Panther Creek area were collected to interpret metals concentrations in the tissues of mayflies and caddisflies relative to experimental exposures and to compare to community composition. Samples were collected from sites expected to give a gradient of metals concentrations, ranging from natural background reference sites to concentrations expected to be high enough to produce substantial bioaccumulation of metals. Results The results are presented in a workbook consisting of 6 datasheets which respectively include data on: 1. Summary: includes sampling locations and summarized matched water and tissue samples 2. Water-detailed: Field measurements and analytical results of water sampling 3. Tissue-detailed: Analytical results of insect tissue analyses 4. Benthic macroinvertebrates: Counts of benthic macroinvertebrate samples that coincided with the water and tissue samples 5. Water-QC: Results of quality control analyses associated with the water samples 6. Tissue-QC: Results of quality control analyses associated with the tissue samples For the 12 environmental stream samples from the Panther Creek watershed, Co values ranged from <0.01 to 329 µg/L and Cu values ranged from 0.2 to 24 µg/L. Dissolved organic carbon ranged from 0.72 to 2.2 mg/L, pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.8 units, alkalinity ranged from 8 to 50 mg/L as CaCO3, and hardness ranged from 17 to 167 mg/L as CaCO3. Approximate diel swings in pH for Panther Creek, measured at the Deep Creek campground prior to sunrise and in late afternoon were 0.4 units, and in Big Deer Creek at the mouth measured in early morning and late afternoon, the changes were less than 0.1 units. Cobalt and copper tissue concentrations ranged widely in the insects. Cobalt values ranged from 0.4 to 634 mg/kg dry weight in insect tissues and copper values ranged from 12 to 1080 mg/kg. Funding was from USGS Mineral Resources Program, and the Panther Creek sampling was conducted in cooperation with the Blackbird Mine Site Group. References Schmidt, T.S., Mebane, C.A., Miller, J.L., and Balistrieri, L.S., 2019, Effects of metal mixtures on aquatic insect communities in experimental streams: cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn): US Geological Survey Data Release, also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/P9XXBSAK

Abstract The purpose of this sampling was to collect matched aquatic insect and water samples to support metals mixture toxicity modeling. This is part of a larger study that included exposing naturally colonized insect communities to metals mixtures in long-term laboratory toxicity tests, field surveys, and modeling (Schmidt and others, 2019). The Panther Creek sampling was conducted to give a field comparison to laboratory exposures of aquatic insect communities to cobalt (Co) plus copper (Cu) mixtures, the results of which were presented as part 4 of Schmidt and others (2019). The water samples from the Panther Creek area were collected to interpret metals concentrations in the tissues of mayflies and caddisflies relative to experimental exposures and to compare to community composition. Samples were collected from sites expected to give a gradient of metals concentrations, ranging from natural background reference sites to concentrations expected to be high enough to produce substantial bioaccumulation of metals. Results The results are presented in a workbook consisting of 6 datasheets which respectively include data on: 1. Summary: includes sampling locations and summarized matched water and tissue samples 2. Water-detailed: Field measurements and analytical results of water sampling 3. Tissue-detailed: Analytical results of insect tissue analyses 4. Benthic macroinvertebrates: Counts of benthic macroinvertebrate samples that coincided with the water and tissue samples 5. Water-QC: Results of quality control analyses associated with the water samples 6. Tissue-QC: Results of quality control analyses associated with the tissue samples For the 12 environmental stream samples from the Panther Creek watershed, Co values ranged from <0.01 to 329 µg/L and Cu values ranged from 0.2 to 24 µg/L. Dissolved organic carbon ranged from 0.72 to 2.2 mg/L, pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.8 units, alkalinity ranged from 8 to 50 mg/L as CaCO3, and hardness ranged from 17 to 167 mg/L as CaCO3. Approximate diel swings in pH for Panther Creek, measured at the Deep Creek campground prior to sunrise and in late afternoon were 0.4 units, and in Big Deer Creek at the mouth measured in early morning and late afternoon, the changes were less than 0.1 units. Cobalt and copper tissue concentrations ranged widely in the insects. Cobalt values ranged from 0.4 to 634 mg/kg dry weight in insect tissues and copper values ranged from 12 to 1080 mg/kg. Funding was from USGS Mineral Resources Program, and the Panther Creek sampling was conducted in cooperation with the Blackbird Mine Site Group. References Schmidt, T.S., Mebane, C.A., Miller, J.L., and Balistrieri, L.S., 2019, Effects of metal mixtures on aquatic insect communities in experimental streams: cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn): US Geological Survey Data Release, also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/P9XXBSAK

This dataset is from the third of four experiments which test the toxicity of several metals with aquatic insect communities that were colonized in the field and then transferred and tested in experimental streams. Here we report original data from testing the toxicity of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), singly and in mixtures, to natural aquatic insect communities. Methods are the same as those in Experiment 2, with the addition of in situ, in-vivo fluorescence measurements of benthic algae. Trays of cleaned gravel were placed in a stream (the Cache La Poudre River, Colorado) and allowed to colonize for about 40 days before being translocated to Aquatic Experimental Stream Laboratory (AXL) which was located at the USGS Fort Collins Science Center. There the insects were exposed for 30 days to metal mixtures in ratios and concentrations similar to those occurring in ambient conditions. Emerging adult insects were captured and collected daily throughout the experiment, while larvae and metal residues were measured in periphyton and Brachycentrus caddisflies (a common, large-bodied, robust insect that could survive high metals accumulations) at the end of the experiment. In addition, algal biomass was measured in situ by in-vivo fluorescence at the end of the experiment.

This dataset is from the third of four experiments which test the toxicity of several metals with aquatic insect communities that were colonized in the field and then transferred and tested in experimental streams. Here we report original data from testing the toxicity of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn), singly and in mixtures, to natural aquatic insect communities. Methods are the same as those in Experiment 2, with the addition of in situ, in-vivo fluorescence measurements of benthic algae. Trays of cleaned gravel were placed in a stream (the Cache La Poudre River, Colorado) and allowed to colonize for about 40 days before being translocated to Aquatic Experimental Stream Laboratory (AXL) which was located at the USGS Fort Collins Science Center. There the insects were exposed for 30 days to metal mixtures in ratios and concentrations similar to those occurring in ambient conditions. Emerging adult insects were captured and collected daily throughout the experiment, while larvae and metal residues were measured in periphyton and Brachycentrus caddisflies (a common, large-bodied, robust insect that could survive high metals accumulations) at the end of the experiment. In addition, algal biomass was measured in situ by in-vivo fluorescence at the end of the experiment.

This dataset is from the first of four experiments which test the toxicity of several metals with aquatic insect communities that were colonized in the field and then transferred and tested in experimental streams. Here we report original data from an experiment testing the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), singly and in mixtures, to natural aquatic insect communities. Trays of cleaned gravel were placed in a stream (the Cache La Poudre River, Colorado) and allowed to colonize for about 40 days before being translocated to Aquatic Experimental Stream Laboratory (AXL) which was located at the USGS Fort Collins Science Center. There the insects were exposed for 30 days to metal mixtures in ratios and concentrations similar to those occurring in ambient conditions.

,Insecticide Netting In this study, we focused on two types of long-lasting insecticide netting (LLIN) that have been found to be effective for managing various stored product insect pests. One is an LLIN consisting of a polyethylene netting (2 × 2 mm mesh, D-Terrence, Vestergaard, Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland) with 0.4% deltamethrin active ingredient (a.i.), while the second one is Carifend® net (40 deniers with mesh size 97 knots/cm2; BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany) containing 0.34% α-cypermethrin (a.i.).,Foundational Model We used a standard Lefkovitch matrix model to project population growth for Tribolium castaneum, with four life stages (e.g., egg, larva, pupa, and adult;(Lefkovitch,1965). In equation (1), the Leftkovitch matrix L matrix (4 × 4) represents the life-stage structure of T. castaneum which has an egg, larvae, pupae, and an adult, where only the adults contribute to the fecundity, F. By multiplying L with the population vector ni(t), where t is time step (e.g., generation) and i is a life stage, we obtain the resultant vector ni(t + 1), which reveals the distribution of individuals across different life stages in the subsequent time period. In equation (1), P1 represents the probability of staying in the egg stage and G1 is the probability of moving from the egg to the larval stage, P2 is the probability of staying in the larval stage, G2 is probability of moving from the larval stage to pupal stage, P3 is the probability of staying in the pupal stage, G3 is probability of moving from the pupal stage to adult, while P4 is the probability of staying in the adult stage (Figure 1).,Model Parameterization and Scenarios We simulated population outcomes for up to 15 generations by using the life table data for T. castaneum using the R package popbio. Survivorship, fecundity, and transition information for each stage were derived from the literature (summarized in Table 1). The developmental duration of eggs, larvae, and pupae were 3.82 ± 0.005, 22.81 ± 0.67, and 6.24 ± 0.071 days (Kollros,1944). The average life duration of the adult used in this study was 221.16 days (Park et al., 1961). We used 94 offspring for fertility from the study Park et al.,(1965) and 99% rate of eclosion from pupae to adult. In order to explore the sensitivity of the base model to changes in mortality and fecundity, both of these parameters were systematically varied from near zero to their maximum value given in the base model (e.g., F = 94, P4 = 0.871). The parameters were varied alone or in combination and the resulting population growth was plotted. All plots were created using ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016) in R software (R Core Team, 2022). Three empirical scenarios from the literature were modeled containing estimates of fecundity reduction only, survivorship reduction only, or both fecundity and survivorship reduction when using LLIN (R.V. Wilkins et al., 2021; Gerken et al., 2021;Scheff et al., 2021, Scheff et al., 2023; Table 2). An individual projection matrix was constructed for each of the three scenarios and combinations of the reductions in fecundity, survivorship, or both. Population growth and proportion in each life stage was projected for 15 generations for each case, including the base model. Overall variation and oscillation were calculated to compare trends among proportion of life stages in each case. In order to compare differences in population sizes between cases for all generations and for generation 15 only, population sizes for each generation were bootstrapped 1000 times to provide iterative replication. The bootstrapped data were then compared one case to another using proc ttest in SAS (Version 9.4) for all generations and for generation 15 only. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which stage should be targeted to most greatly affect the population growth after exposure to the netting. Moreover, a mortality function based on empirical data with LLIN exposure collected in the laboratory