We used data from CDC's National Birth Defect Prevention Study, the largest case-control study of birth defects ever conducted. Data were collected for cases and controls via a computer-assisted telephone information, and included information related to demographics, pre-existing health conditions, medication use, employment/occupation, personal hobbies, diet, and water use. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Data that CDC collects or holds must be available for data sharing within a year after the data are evaluated for quality and shared with any partners in data collection activity. Because NBDPS data contain PII, NBDPS data are not released publicly. Instead, they are available via a special use agreement. Qualified researchers can be granted access to NBDPS data for analysis through collaboration with one of the Centers for Birth Defects Research and Prevention. The procedure for applying for access to NBDPS data can be found on the NBDPS Public Access Procedures web site: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/nbdps-public-access-procedures.html. Format: This research was conducted with data collected by the CDC-sponsored National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). These data include birth data and geocoded residential addresses before and during pregnancy. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Zaganjor, I., A. Keil, T. Luben, T. Desrosiers, L. Engel, J. Reefhuis, A. Michalski, P. Langlois, A. Olshan, and N.B.D.P.S. [Corporate Author]. Is maternal employment site a source of exposure misclassification in studies of environmental exposures and birth outcomes? A simulation-based bias analysis of haloacetic acids in tap water and hypospadias.. Environmental Epidemiology. Wolters Kluwer, Alphen aan den Rijn, NETHERLANDS, 6(2): e207, (2022).

We used exposure data collected for a previous study of DBPs to evaluate how different sources of information impact trihalomethane (THM) exposure estimates, Specifically, we compared gestational exposure estimates to THMs based on water utility monitoring data alone, statistical imputation of daily concentrations to incorporate temporal variability, and personal water consumption and use (bathing and showering). We used Spearman correlation coefficients and ranked kappa statistics to compare exposure classifications. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Data that CDC collects or holds must be available for data sharing within a year after the data are evaluated for quality and shared with any partners in data collection activity. Because NBDPS data contain PII, NBDPS data are not released publicly. Instead, they are available via a special use agreement. Qualified researchers can be granted access to NBDPS data for analysis through collaboration with one of the Centers for Birth Defects Research and Prevention. The procedure for applying for access to NBDPS data can be found on the NBDPS Public Access Procedures web site: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/nbdps-public-access-procedures.html. Format: This research was conducted with data collected by the CDC-sponsored National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). These data include birth data and geocoded residential addresses before and during pregnancy. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Luben, T., R. Shaffer, E. Kenyon, W. Nembhard, K. Weber, J. Nuckols, and J. Wright. Comparison of trihalomethane exposure assessment metrics in epidemiologic analyses of reproductive and developmental outcomes. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 34: 115-125, (2024).

Meta-analysis of published studies of disinfection byproduct exposures and small for gestational age births using odds ratios. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Summerhayes, R., B. Rahman, G. Morgan, G. Beresin, C. Moreno, and M. Wright. Meta-Analysis of Small for Gestational Age Births and Disinfection Byproduct Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS, (196): 110280, (2021).

The Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR) of the Texas Department of State Health Services (TDSHS) is an active surveillance system that maintains information on infants with structural and chromosomal birth defects born to mothers residing in Texas at the time of birth (Texas Department of State Health Services, 2019). TBDR staff review medical records to identify and abstract relevant case information, which then undergoes extensive quality checks (Texas Department of State Health Services, 2019). All diagnoses are made prenatally or within one year after delivery (Texas Department of State Health Services, 2019). Data on cases was obtained from the TBDR. Information on live births for the denominators and on covariates for cases and denominators was obtained from the Texas Department of State Health Services Center for Health Statistics. This research was approved by the Texas Department of State Health Services Institutional Review Board and US EPA Human Subjects Review. The Environmental Quality Index (EQI) estimates overall county-level environmental quality for the entire US for 2006-2010. The construction of the EQI is described elsewhere (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2020). Briefly, the national data was compiled to represent simultaneous, cumulative environmental quality across each of the five domains: air (43 variables) representing criteria and hazardous air pollutants; water (51 variables), representing overall water quality, general water contamination, recreational water quality, drinking water quality, atmospheric deposition, drought, and chemical contamination; land (18 variables), representing agriculture, pesticides, contaminants, facilities, and radon; built (15 variables), representing roads, highway/road safety, public transit behavior, business environment, and subsidized housing environment; and sociodemographic (12 variables), representing socioeconomics and crime. The variables in each domain specific index were reduced using principal component analysis (PCA), with the first component retained as that domain’s index value. The domain specific indices were valence corrected to ensure that the directionality of the variables was consistent with higher values suggesting poorer environmental quality. The domain specific indices were then processed through a second PCA and the first index retained as the overall EQI. The overall and domain specific EQI indices are publicly available through the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency: https://edg.epa.gov/data/Public/ORD/NHEERL/EQI). This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Human health data are not available publicly. EQI data are available at: https://edg.epa.gov/data/Public/ORD/NHEERL/EQI. Format: Data are stored as csv files. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Krajewski, A., K. Rappazzo, P. Langlois, L. Messer, and D. Lobdell. Associations between cumulative environmental quality and ten selected birth defects in Texas. Birth Defects Research. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, 113(2): 161-172, (2020).

The Division of Drinking Water (DDW), in collaboration with the California Department of Education, has taken the initiative to begin testing for lead in drinking water at all public K-12 schools. In early 2017, DDW and Local Primacy Agencies issued amendments to the domestic water supply permits of approximately 1,200 community water systems so that schools that are served by a public water system could request assistance from their public water system to conduct water sampling for lead and receive technical assistance if an elevated lead sample is found. To further safeguard water quality in California’s K-12 public schools, California Assembly Bill 746 published on October 12, 2017, effective January 1, 2018, requires community water system to test lead levels, by July 1, 2019, in drinking water at all California public, K-12 school sites that were constructed before January 1, 2010. The **[program webpage](https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/drinking_water/certlic/drinkingwater/leadsamplinginschools.html)** contains information on both the permit amendments and AB 746.

Data is NC birth registry data linked to brownfield sites. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Birth registry data can be requested through the NCDHHS. Information on brownfields can be accessed through EPA and Clean Up In My Community (CIMC) websites. Format: Datasets are in csv, R, and SAS formats. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Slawsky, E., A. Weaver, T. Luben, and K. Rappazzo. Lead brownfields and birth defects in North Carolina 2003–2015: A cross-sectional case–control study. Birth Defects Research. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, 116(8): E2367, (2024).

The USDA Pesticide Data Program (PDP) database provides national data on pesticide residues in food and water, with an emphasis on foods consumed by infants and children. PDP data are used primarily by EPA to prepare realistic pesticide dietary exposures for pesticide registration activities. Data for each calendar-year survey are stored in a separate dataset.

This dataset contains three tables of aggregated (2009-2019) data on newborn screening disorders: 1) counts statewide , 2) counts by race/ethnicity, 3) counts by California region. The tables present counts of disorders that have been diagnosed by the California Newborn Screening Program. Counts were suppressed for disorders with fewer than 6 cases, as described in the individual table descriptions. The disorders are included on the core Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) put forth by the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (SACHDNC) established under Section 1111 of the Public Health Service (PHS) Act, 42 U.S.C. 300b-10, as amended in the Newborn Screening Saves Lives Act of 2008. The SACHDNC recommends that every state newborn screening program include a uniform screening panel that currently includes 33 core disorders. The Newborn Screening Program screens for all of the core conditions except Spinal Muscular Atrophy, which began in June 2020. Newborn hearing loss screening and critical congenital heart disease screening are programs administered by the California Department of Health Care Services. Details of the disorders included on the RUSP can be found in the attachment: Recommended Uniform Screening Panel.pdf. Caution must be taken in interpreting these data because there is not a one-to-one relationship between a screen-positive test result and a disorder. A newborn can be screen-positive for more than one disorder. Conversely, a positive screen for one disorder can be associated with the diagnosis of a different disorder. Four types of sickle cell-related hemoglobinopathies (Sickle Beta0 Thalassemia, Sickle Beta+ Thalassemia, Sickle S/S Disease, and Sickle S/C Disease) were combined into one group called "Sickle Cell Disease." SCID cases are reported beginning March 2013. ALD cases are reported beginning February 2016. Pompe and MPS I cases are reported beginning August 2018.