The data provided at the census tract scale are include in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the manuscript. Supplemental information also contains tables with summary data. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: PII associated with individual-level blood Pb data included in this analysis were obtained from Ohio Department of Health through an approved Data Use Agreement. Format: Data were imported into SAS for analysis. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Stanek, L., J. Xue, V. Zartarian Morrison, A. Poulakos, R. Tornero-Velez, E. Snyder, C. Walts, and K. Triantafillou. Identification of high lead exposure locations in Ohio at the census tract scale using a generalizable geospatial hotspot approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS, 34: 718-726, (2024).

This data contains linked birth registry information with greenery metrics in North Carolina. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Birth records can be requested through the NC State Health Department. Greenery meterics can be downloaded through EPA's EnviroAtlas. Format: Datasets are in csvs, R and SAS formats. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Tsai, W., T. Luben, and K. Rappazzo. Associations between neighborhood greenery and birth outcomes in a North Carolina cohort. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 35(5): 821-830, (2025).

Dataset is birth registry data from NC for 2006 - 2015, linked to air pollution and temperature exposures. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Health data can be requested through the North Carolina Department of Human Health Services. Air pollution data can be accessed through the EPA RSIG portal. Temperature data can be requested from the CDC. Format: SAS, R, and csv files. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Krajewski, A., B. Alman, A. Vaidyanathan, T. Luben, and K. Rappazzo. Effect of extreme heat exposure on the associations between weekly gestational exposure to fine particulate matter and preterm birth in a North Carolina birth cohort. Presented at Society of Epidemiologic Research (SER) and Society of Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiologic Research (SPER), Austin, TX, USA, 06/16/2024 - 06/21/2024.

Data on approximately 2 million births occurring in NJ, OH, and PA from 2000 - 2005. Linked to PM2.5 and ozone concentration estimates from EPA CMAQ fused model. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Birth data can be acquired through application to the state health statistics departments of NJ, OH, and PA. Contact author for code. rappazzo.kristen@epa.gov. Format: No data included. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Rappazzo, K., D. Lobdell, L. Messer, C. Poole, and J. Daniels. Comparison of gestational dating methods and implications for exposure-outcome associations: an example with PM2.5 and preterm birth. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 74(2): 138-143, (2017).

NA. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: The data used in this manuscript were obtained under Data Use Agreements with the NCS Vanguard Data and Sample Archive and Access System and the NICHD Data and Specimen Hub (DASH). Because of the requirements of the DUA, we are unable to provide raw data; thus, the summary data are provided that are included in the manuscript. It can be accessed through the following means: The manuscript contains tables of the summary statistics. For the original data, users must have an approved DUA with NICHD DASH. Format: Word file of tables with summary statistics for maternal blood Pb, urine Pb, Pb surface wipe loading and Pb vacuum bag dust. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Stanek, L., N. Grokhowsky, B. George, and K. Thomas. Assessing lead exposure in U.S. pregnant women using biological and residential measurements. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, (905): 167135, (2023).

Input datasets on Massachusetts Birth defects data will not be made accessible to the public since they include individual-level data with PII. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: The tabulated output data is found in the manuscript. Input data can be obtained from Application process from the owners of the data (Massachusetts Department of Public Health). More details can be found here: https://www.mass.gov/guides/available-public-health-research-data-sets#vital-records. Format: Input datasets on Massachusetts Birth defects data will not be made accessible to the public since they include individual-level data with PII. Output data are all available in tabulated form within the published manuscript (e.g., results of regression models, measures of central tendency, population characteristics, etc.). This dataset is associated with the following publication: Kaufman, J., M. Wright, A. Evans, Z. Rivera-Núñez, A. Meyer, and M. Narotsky. Associations between Disinfection By-Product Exposures and Musculoskeletal Birth Defects. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 4(1): eo81, (2020).

Metadata supporting Wallis et al. 2024 in Environment International. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Data from the National Children's Study must be accessed through the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Data and Specimen Hub (DASH) at https://dash.nichd.nih.gov/. Format: Participant demographic, lifestyle, residence, occupational, and other types of data from questionnaire and observational survey instruments are in .csv and .xlsx files. PFAS measurements in serum and house dust in .csv files. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Wallis, D., K. Miller, N. Deluca, K. Thomas, C. Fuller, J. McCord, E. Cohen-Hubal, and J. Minucci. Understanding prenatal household exposures to per- and polyfluorylalkyl substances using paired Biological and dust measurements with sociodemographic and housing variables. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS, 194(December): 109157, (2024).

All data are provided within report tables available on the website with appropriate header information. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Publicly available data used for this evaluation are located at https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/ recordisplay.cfm?deid=351563. Additional BHSS details are publicly available at https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=1000195. Format: The data used for this evaluation were collected during routine BLL monitoring at the Bunker Hill Superfund (BHSS) site by the local Kellogg Idaho Panhandle Health District under the auspices of the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ). IDEQ contracts with Alta Science and Engineering, Inc. for technical, scientific, and engineering services at the BHSS, including maintaining the blood Pb and environmental databases. Alta maintains these data in a confidential (coded) format that prevents the identification of the participants and their home locations. With permission of IDEQ, Alta staff used paired BHSS BLL and environmental media concentration data to evaluate the IEUBK model v2.0. Transfer of individual or confidential data from Alta to SRC and EPA was expressly prohibited. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Brown, J. Evaluation of IEUBK journal article. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 36123530, (2022).

The dataset contains information on medical history, residential information and demographic information on CATHGEN participants as well as modeled PM2.5 values at participants' residence. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: The data are human subjects data containing potential identifiable information (PII) and therefore access is restricted to the study investigators. Because base data are owned by other entities, these data need to be requested directly from Duke University. It can be accessed through the following means: These data can accessed upon request to the CATHGEN steering committee at Duke University. Format: Data are stored as SAS files on secure EPA drives. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Weaver, A., L. McGuinn, L. Neas, J. Mirowsky, R. Devlin, R. Dhingra, C. Ward-Caviness, W. Cascio, W. Kraus, E. Hauser, Q. Di, J. Schwartz, and D. Diaz-Sanchez. Neighborhood sociodemographic effects on the associations between long-term PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular outcomes and diabetes. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 3(1): e038, (2019).

This data includes several different tables presenting counts of births by race (total, Black, white) by Census Tract aggregated over a five-year period (2014-18). Data extracted from Pennsylvania's Vital Statistics Database with the following disclaimer: "These data were provided by the Pennsylvania Department of Health. The Department specifically disclaims responsibility for any analyses, interpretations, or conclusions." Census tract of residence was determined using address-level data. Records were excluded from analysis if address was missing or unmatched to a census tract (≈1% records). Census tracts starting with 980x.xx, 981x.xx, and 982x.xx were also excluded due to a geocoding error. 2014 used a different methodology to assign census tract compared to years 2015-2018. Counts < 5 are censored and displayed as "None". Census-tract-level counts may not equal county-level counts when summed due to censored data or missing data. For cause of death, underlying cause of death from the death certificate is used and is categorized based on ICD-10 codes, defined below.