These data represent Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) and Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) weather radar stations within the US. The NEXRAD radar stations are maintained and operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The TDWR radar stations are maintained and operated by the Federal Aviation Administration. Both radar's are pulsed Doppler types that measure reflectivity out to 460 km, and radial velocity and spectrum width out to 300 km for NEXRAD and 90 km for TDWR. Both radars automatically scan the atmosphere from the surface to 70,000 feet using a rotating parabolic antenna.

This dataset contains the Level 1 (L1) raw radar event data recorded at Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) sites and collected by the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) Radar Operations Center (ROC) for specific radar case studies. It includes only the Level 1 data that has been used for algorithm development and verification by the ROC and its partners. NEXRAD operational sites and test sites are used. The dataset period of record starts in 2008 with new data added approximately every year. The number of case studies per year ranges from 1 to 33, with an average of approximately 10 per year. The data files are in the native compressed file format as Time Series (TS) Archive. The data files have been aggregated by event and by hour for the archive with a total data volume of approximately 20 TB. An event summary file with descriptive information is included for each case study.

This dataset contains the Level 1 (L1) raw radar event data recorded at Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) sites and collected by the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) Radar Operations Center (ROC) for specific radar case studies. It includes only the Level 1 data that has been used for algorithm development and verification by the ROC and its partners. NEXRAD operational sites and test sites are used. The dataset period of record starts in 2008 with new data added approximately every year. The number of case studies per year ranges from 1 to 33, with an average of approximately 10 per year. The data files are in the native compressed file format as Time Series (TS) Archive. The data files have been aggregated by event and by hour for the archive with a total data volume of approximately 20 TB. An event summary file with descriptive information is included for each case study.

High frequency radar can measure the speed and direction of ocean surface currents in near real time. These radars can measure currents over a large region of the coastal ocean, from a few kilometers offshore up to 200 km and can operate under any weather conditions. They are located near the shoreline, and need not be situated atop a high point of land.

High frequency radar can measure the speed and direction of ocean surface currents in near real time. These radars can measure currents over a large region of the coastal ocean, from a few kilometers offshore up to 200 km and can operate under any weather conditions. They are located near the shoreline, and need not be situated atop a high point of land.

Hurricanes and other tropical cyclones pose a high risk to people, property, and ecosystems along the coastline of the United States. The impact of these storms can cascade through the nation's economy and affect communities far from the coast. Understanding the geographic limit of and exposure to winds from tropical cyclones can help citizens, businesses, and government agencies build resilience to these pending dangers. These data portray wind exposure between 1988 and 2022 in the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Ocean basins and between 2001 and 2022 in the Western Pacific Ocean basin. Exposure was quantified using intersecting storm tracks, overlapping wind intensity areas, and calculated return intervals.

The NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) radars provide vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction from near the surface to above the tropopause. The system also generates data quality related statistics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectrum width. There are three systems in Alaska (Talkeetna, Anchorage, and Homer), with an additional testbed site in Norman, OK. The location and ICAO ID for the NOAA NPN sites are: Norman, OK - ROCO2/KROC; Homer, AK - HWPA2/KHWP; Talkeetna, AK - TLKA2/KTLK; and Anchorage, AK - AWPA2/KAWP. Each wind profiler unit uses preprogrammed operational modes to determine the speed and direction of the wind at different heights directly above the unmanned radar site. This dataset covers the newly refreshed NPN upper air wind data, beginning with 2020. A previous NPN project covered 1991 - 2006 and is available in BUFR format for winds, moments, RASS, and surface file types.

The NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) radars provide vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed and direction from near the surface to above the tropopause. The system also generates data quality related statistics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectrum width. There are three systems in Alaska (Talkeetna, Anchorage, and Homer), with an additional testbed site in Norman, OK. The location and ICAO ID for the NOAA NPN sites are: Norman, OK - ROCO2/KROC; Homer, AK - HWPA2/KHWP; Talkeetna, AK - TLKA2/KTLK; and Anchorage, AK - AWPA2/KAWP. Each wind profiler unit uses preprogrammed operational modes to determine the speed and direction of the wind at different heights directly above the unmanned radar site. This dataset covers the newly refreshed NPN upper air wind data, beginning with 2020. A previous NPN project covered 1991 - 2006 and is available in BUFR format for winds, moments, RASS, and surface file types.

A G-AIRMET is a graphical advisory of weather that may be hazardous to aircraft, but are less severe than SIGMETs. They are valid at specific time "snapshots". The G-AIRMET forecasts are distributed in XML (USWX) format. The USWX XML files contain forecaster-created graphical objects which depict hazard areas and attributes. G-AIRMETs are issued at discrete times 3 hours apart for a period of up to 12 hours into the future (00, 03, 06, 09, and 12 hours). They are issued at 03:00, 09:00, 15:00 and 21:00 UTC (with updates issued as necessary). G-AIRMETs are issued by the AWC for the lower 48 states and adjacent coastal waters. The G-AIRMET USWX XML files are currently disseminated from AWC to the operational NGITWS system, and from AWC to the NWSTG for dissemination over NOAAPort. AWC provides the legacy AIRMET information via traditional alphanumeric code (TAC), which is currently archived at NCEI. The G-AIRMET data in BUFR format was operational from 2010 to 2022 and was not archived. This data archive includes the USWX XML formatted products starting on January 1, 2023.

While the Fujita and Saffir-Simpson Scales characterize tornadoes and hurricanes respectively, there is no widely used scale to classify snowstorms. The Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS) developed by Paul Kocin of The Weather Channel and Louis Uccellini of the National Weather Service characterizes and ranks high-impact Northeast snowstorms. These storms have large areas of 10 inch snowfall accumulations and greater. NESIS has five categories: Extreme, Crippling, Major, Significant, and Notable. The index differs from other meteorological indices in that it uses population information in addition to meteorological measurements. Thus NESIS gives an indication of a storm's societal impacts. NESIS scores are a function of the area affected by the snowstorm, the amount of snow, and the number of people living in the path of the storm. The aerial distribution of snowfall and population information are combined in an equation that calculates a NESIS score which varies from around one for smaller storms to over ten for extreme storms. The raw score is then converted into one of the five NESIS categories. The largest NESIS values result from storms producing heavy snowfall over large areas that include major metropolitan centers. For details on how NESIS scores are calculated at the National Climatic Data Center, see Squires and Lawrimore (2006).