,Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor Say) is a major pest on wheat and can cause significant yield losses. Currently there are some HF resistance genes deployed, but mostly in hexaploid winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), with fewer resistance genes identified in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum L.) and other wheat wild relatives. Mapping of additional resistance genes, along with developing markers for these is needed to develop resistant germplasm. ARS researchers in Fargo, ND evaluated the BP025 population under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions to the Great Plains (GP) biotype of Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor Say). The BP025 population was developed by crossing Ben (PI 596557), a North Dakota hard amber durum variety, with PI 41025, a cultivated emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum) accession collected near Samara, Russia. The BP025 population consists of 200 RILs developed by single seed-descent and was advanced to the F7:8 generation. The BP025 population was evaluated for stunting score, larval mortality, and the percentage of resistant plants under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions in Fargo, ND (46.893273, -96.807319). Experimental plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 20 ± 2° C with an ambient relative humidity of between 40 and 70% and a 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Natural lighting was enhanced with the use of 430-watt high pressure sodium lamps. Individual seeds of the mapping population entries were planted in Ray Leach cone-tainer (4 cm diameter × 21 cm deep, Stuewe & Sons, Inc., Tangent, OR), held in racks (RL98). Plants were grown in potting media (SB100 Professional Growing Mix, Sungro Horticulture, Bellevue, WA), and fertilized at planting with Osmocote Plus 15-9-12 (N-P-K) standard release fertilizer. Each cone was considered an experimental unit. The BP025 population and the parental lines Ben and PI 41025 were screened for HF larval resistance over two greenhouse seasons. All plants were evaluated using a completely randomized design. For the infestations, seedling plants were exposed to egg-laying HF adult females (~ 1 female for each plant) for 24 h. Infestations were timed to occur when seedlings were at the two-leaf growth stage. Three days after exposure to adult females, plants were moved to a high humidity (50-75% RH) growth chamber. High humidity facilitates egg hatching and promotes the successful migration of neonate larvae down the leaf blade to feeding sites at the base of the plant. Following egg hatch, plants were returned to the greenhouse for 10 to 14 days. This provided time for virulent larvae to grow and be differentiated from the small presumably dead avirulent larvae. Detailed observations of plant quality and larval success provided each plant with a score of “resistant” or “susceptible.” Specifically, plants were scored for their growth, with information on the number of leaves and tillers being recorded. Plant health and appearance (i.e., severity of larval-induced stunting), was also scored for each plant. Normal healthy plants were given a score of 0, lightly stunted plants were scored as a 1, moderately stunted plants were given a 2, and severely stunted planted were given the score of 3. Each plant was also dissected using a stereo microscope. At the time of plant dissection, virulent (i.e., successful) larvae were expected to be large and white in color. The number of dead larvae (eg. large, medium, small, and neonate) and live larvae (eg. large, medium, and small) were recorded for each plant. Averages for the plant and insect measurements were derived from the mean score of the 12 to 14 plants evaluated for each entry in the population. Phenotypic data was analyzed using JMP version 15 (SAS Institute, 2015). Prior to analysis, homogeneity of variance was tested using an O-Brien test at p < 0.05 (O’Brien, 1979). The genotypic data used for further QTL analysis is available Peters Haugrud, Amanda; Saini Sharma, Jyoti; Zhang, Qijun; Green, Andrew J.;

,This dataset is associated with the forthcoming publication entitled, "Microbial volatile organic compounds mediate attraction by a primary but not secondary stored product insect pest in wheat", and includes data on grain damage from near infrared spectroscopy, behavioral data from wind tunnel and release-recapture experiments, as well as volatile characterization of headspace from moldy grain. For all files, incubation intervals 9, 18, and 27 d represent how long grain was incubated after being tempered to a grain moisture of 12, 15, or 19% or left untempered (ctrl; 10.8% grain moisture). TSO = Trece storgard oil; empty = negative control (no stimulus), LGB = lesser grain borer (Rhzyopertha dominica), and RFB = red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum).,Note: The resource 'GC/MS Grain MVOC Headspace Data' was added 2021-08-04 with the deletion of some compounds as unlikely natural compounds and potential contaminants. This is the dataset that undergirds the non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis.,See the included file list for more information about methods and results of each file in this dataset.,,

We collected data on tolerance using comparative approaches in a clade of mustards, emphasizing the variety of contexts in which damage is realistically tolerated. We estimated tolerance to leaf damage, tolerance to apical clipping at the bolting stage-- simulating browsing--, and resistance to a specialist and generalist lepidopteran herbivore for a group of native mustards, grown in field soils unique to each population and in a common potting soil.

,Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) can cause significant yield loss in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains of North America. A recently identified WSMV resistance gene, Wsm2, was mapped to chromosome 3BS in germplasm line 'CO960293–2'. Effective genetic markers tightly linked to the gene will enhance the selection of WSMV-resistant lines through marker-assisted selection. We have mapped Wsm2 using a high-density map developed from the wheat 90K Infinium iSelect single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array with recombinant inbred lines from the cross between CO960293–2 and susceptible cultivar 'TAM 111'. Array-based SNPs that mapped within 4 cM of Wsm2 on chromosome 3BS were converted to Kompetitive Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (KASP) assays in this study. Six KASP SNPs were validated in two doubled haploid populations developed from crosses of 'RonL' × 'Ripper' and 'Snowmass' × 'Antero'. RonL and Snowmass possess the Wsm2 gene from CO960293–2. Three closely linked KASP SNPs, converted from IAAV6442, BS00018764_51, and wsnp_Ra_c16264_24873670, showed high sensitivity and specificity (0.83 ≤ sensitivity ≤ 0.97, 0.89 ≤ specificity ≤ 0.99). The latter two were also validated in six F2 breeding populations. These three KASP SNPs were effective in differentiating resistant and susceptible genotypes. Comparative mapping was performed using sequences of SNPs flanking Wsm2 and identified candidate genes and regions in Brachypodium and rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). The KASP SNPs developed in this study should be useful for marker-assisted selection of Wsm2 in wheat breeding programs, and the newly constructed map will also facilitate map based cloning of Wsm2.,,

,Insecticide: Two insecticides were used in this study: an existing formulation (tradename: Diacon IGR+ R ; Central Life Sciences, Schaumberg, IL, USA), and a new formulation with synergist (tradename: Gravista ). Diacon IGR+ contains 11.4% methoprene and 4.75% deltamethrin, with a label rate of 0.12 kg AI/L and 0.05 kg AI/L. The label rate as a residual surface treatment gives a range of 28.5 mL AI/L−171 mL AI/L H2O to cover 94 m2 for both compounds. We used the maximum labeled rate of 24 mg AI/m2 for deltamethrin and 57 mg AI/m2 for methoprene. This corresponded to 0.3 ml of the formulation in 25 ml H2O, sprayed at the rate of 0.3 ml per 50.3 cm2 arena, using an artist’s air brush (Badger 100 series, Badger Corporation, Franklin Park, IL, US) for each treatment. Each replicate was evenly applied to the concrete dish using a compressor pump. The new Gravista formulation has one labeled rate of 684 ml formulation/L H2O to cover 92.9 m2. To achieve this, we mixed 0.5 ml of the new formulation in 10 ml H2O. This was sprayed at the same rate as the other compound. Distilled water was used for the control arenas at 0.3 mL per arena. The arenas were given 8 h to dry prior to use in experiments. Insects (20 of each species per replicate) were exposed on the insecticide-treated petri dishes for either 4 or 24 h. After exposure, individual Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais were removed and placed into clean Petri dish arenas and evaluated for condition. Using a stereomicroscope (SMZ-18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) under 60× magnification, P. truncatus and S. zeamais were classified as alive (moving normally, is able to right itself when flipped over, no twitching), affected (moving sluggishly or erratically, unable to right itself, twitching of antennae or legs may be present), or dead (completely immobile even after prodding) according to prior published definitions (Ranabhat et al., 2022).,,Dispersal and Mortality: To test dispersal capacity to new food patches, a dispersal apparatus was employed. Species-specific cohorts of 20 adults (P. truncatus or S. zeamais) were exposed to Gravista, IGR+, or an untreated control as above for 4 or 24 h, then given 48 h to disperse across 30 or 70 cm standardized sections of PVC pipe (3.175 cm ID). After exposure to insecticide formulations, insects were evaluated for condition after exposure before placing them in the dispersal apparatus. The ends of both sides of the PVC pipe were sealed with mesh (425 μm) to prevent escape. At the far end of the pipe, a hole (2 cm D) was drilled and centered over a glass jar (5 × 6.5 cm D:H) to create a pitfall trap design. The glass jar contained 20 g of whole maize kernels, representing a novel food patch, to induce insects to disperse with food kairomones. Untreated, clean, and uninfested yellow maize was used in the experiments. Grain was sourced from Heartland Mills (Marienthal, KS, USA), and frozen for 72 h prior to use to ensure no prior insect infestation was present. At the end of the sampling period, the number of insects in the jar and their mortality was scored as alive, affected or dead. In addition, the position of each individual was recorded as residing in zone 1 (at the release point), zone 2 (in first half of tube), zone 3 (in second half of tube), or zone 4 (collection jar with maize). In total, there were n = 12 replicate cohorts for each species and combination of distance and treatment. In total, 1,440 P. truncatus and 1,440 S. zeamais were tested in this experiment.,

,Intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey subsp. intermedium] is a high-yielding cool-season grass with adaptable uses for grazing, haying, and soil restoration. Despite its adaptability, adoption of intermediate wheatgrass has been limited due to inadequate stand longevity under grazing stress. A study was conducted near Mandan, ND USA to investigate if stand longevity of intermediate wheatgrass was affected by changes in soil properties due to grazing. Soil data from this study included measurements of soil bulk density, soil pH, soil organic carbon, and total soil nitrogen on a Wilton silt loam soil (USDA: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive frigid Pachic Haplustoll). Measurements were made in May 1997 (baseline) and again in May 2004 following four years of grazing. Data may be used to understand soil property responses to grazed perennial forages. Data are generally applicable to rainfed conditions under a semiarid Continental climate for the following associated soil types: Temvik, Grassna, Linton, Mandan, and Williams.,Resources in this dataset:,Resource title: Intermediate Wheatgrass Grazing Study Data Dictionary File name: IWGS_Data Dictionary.xlsx Resource description: Data dictionary for associated dataset.,Resource title: Intermediate Wheatgrass Grazing Study_Soil Data for Aggregated Depths File name: IWGS_Soil Data_Aggregated Depths.xlsx Resource description: File includes data for 0-30 cm depth.,Resource title: Intermediate Wheatgrass Grazing Study_Soil Data for Separated Depths File name: IWGS_Soil Data_Separated Depths.xlsx Resource description: Soil data for 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm depths.,Resource title: Intermediate Wheatgrass Grazing Study_Soil Data_Aggregated Depths File name: IWGS_Soil Data_Aggregated Depths.csv Resource description: Data for aggregated depths in csv format.,Resource title: Intermediate Wheatgrass Grazing Study_Metadata_Aggregated Depths File name: IWGS_Soil Data_Aggregated Depths_Metadata.csv Resource description: Metadata for aggregated depths.,Resource title: Intermediate Wheatgrass Grazing Study_Soils Data_Separated Depths File name: IWGS_Soil Data_Separated Depths.csv Resource description: Soil data for 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm depths.,Resource title: Intermediate Wheatgrass Grazing Study_Metadata_Separated Depths File name: IWGS_Soil Data_Separated Depths_Metadata.csv Resource description: Metadata for soils data separated by depth increment.,

,Grasshoppers are integral parts of rangeland ecosystems but also have the potential to reach population densities high enough (outbreaks) to cause serious economic damage from forage loss and affect adjacent crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of treating grasshopper population hotspots with a liquid insecticide using a remotely piloted aerial application system (RPAAS), as opposed to fixed-wing aircraft, which is the most common method currently in use. A liquid insecticide, Sevin XLR PLUS (containing carbaryl), was applied on replicated 4.05-hectare (10-acre) plots with an RPAAS on a ranch in New Mexico. Our results demonstrated that Sevin XLR PLUS significantly suppressed grasshopper populations over a 14-day period (normalized population reduction was 79.11 ± 8.35% SEM) and quite rapidly (mostly by day 3) compared to untreated controls. These results are comparable to those achieved with fixed-wing aircraft. The RPAAS covered the whole test area in a single flight in approximately 5 min, making these population hotspot treatment applications relatively rapid, potentially more cost-effective, and more targeted in comparison to fixed-wing aircraft. Before adoption as an application method option, further research is recommended on using an RPAAS to cover larger areas in combination with using diflubenzuron-based insecticides, which are often preferred.,

,Phenotypic Data A subset of 264 lines from the National Small Grains Collection global hexaploid winter wheat germplasm collection was evaluated under controlled growth chamber conditions for reaction to the pathogens Parastagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Both infiltrations and inoculations were performed on plants planted in plastic cones and when seedlings were at the second leaf stage. Plants were infiltrated with the P. nodorum necrotrophic effectors (NEs) SnTox1, SnToxA, SnTox3, SnTox267, and SnTox5; and the P. tritici-repentis NE Ptr ToxB. The scoring system was 0-3, with reaction types of 2 and 3 considered sensitive and 0 to 1 were insensitive. Plants were inoculated with the P. nodorum isolates Sn4, Sn2000, AR2-1, SnIr05H71a, and NOR4 and P. tritici-repentis isolates Pti2, 86-124, DW5, and AR CrossB10. After inoculation, plants were placed in a 100 % humidity growth chamber at 21 °C for 24 hours under constant light, then moved to a controlled growth chamber at 21 °C with a 12 h photoperiod. Plants were scored at 7 days post inoculation. For P. nodorum, plants were scored using a 0 to 5 scale, with 0 being highly resistant and 5 being highly susceptible. For P. tritici-repentis, plants were scored using a 1 to 5 scale, with 1 being highly resistance and 5 being highly susceptible. Three homogeneous replicates (determined by Bartlett’s chi squared analysis) were used to calculate an average value for each trait. This value was used for the rest of the analysis.,Genotypic Data DNA of the winter wheat panel was extracted and genotyped using the Illumina iSelect 90k wheat SNP array. Clustering data was analyzed using GenomeStudio 2.0.5 from Illumina, Inc. SNPs were ordered based on their physical position in the Chinese Spring IWGSC RefSeq v2.0. In TASSEL v5.2, SNP markers were filtered with a minor allele frequency greater than 0.01 and missing data less than 50%. For the remaining markers, missing values were imputed using the LD-KNNi method.,Genome-wide association analysis data Association mapping was conducted using the R package GAPIT v.3. The filtered hapmap file was used for the association mapping, along with the average value for each phenotypic trait. The models GLM, MLM, MLMM, FarmCPU, and Blink were run on the averages for each trait. ** Resources in this dataset:,

,This document contains all data and R statistical software code needed to reproduce the analyses presented in the manuscript:,Woolfolk, S., G. Matthews, and Q. D. Read. 2024. Comparison of infestation rates of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) neonates for maize resistance screening. Journal of Insect Science. (Citation to be updated),The data included here come from an experiment to assess a technique for measuring resistance of maize to fall armyworm. An economically important global maize pest, fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda), causes damage mainly to the above-ground parts of maize plants, primarily the whorl tissues. One of our research unit missions is to identify and develop maize germplasm with resistance to FAW. One method to measure resistance in maize to FAW is visual rating of leaf-feeding damage after infestation with neonates into the whorl. The data presented here are from a replicated experiment crossing eleven maize lines (four susceptible and seven resistant) with five FAW infestation rates; the experiment was repeated in two consecutive years. The measured response was leaf feeding damage on a categorical scale.,The statistical model presented here is a cumulative logistic mixed model. It treats the response variable (leaf damage rating) as an ordered categorical response. We include a random effect to account for the split-plot design, and include three-way interactions between fixed effects of genotype, treatment, and year. We present means for each genotype and treatment based on the underlying modeled probabilities of each category (weighted averages of the modeled probabilities).,,

,The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a specialist of fruits of the genus Olea and is a major pest of commercial olives due to their adverse impacts to olive production. In support of genomic and physiological research of the olive fly, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated two independent genomes, one from a wild-collected male and one from a wild-collected female. The resulting genomes are highly contiguous, collinear, and complete, attesting to the accuracy and quality of both assemblies. In addition to the autosomes captured as single contigs, the X and Y chromosomes were also captured as evidenced by the X chromosome showing diploid coverage in the female assembly compared to haploid coverage in the male assembly and the Y chromosome being entirely absent from the female assembly. In addition, a complete genome assembly of a known obligate symbiont to the olive fly, Candidatus Erwinia dacicola (Ca. E. dacicola), was fully captured.,Dataset includes scripts used in the assembly of the Bactrocera oleae genomes and the obligate symbiont Candidatus Erwinia dacicola genome. It can be used to replicate the steps necessary to assemble the male and female genomes described in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BioProject: PRJNA1089778 and PRJNA1275571, male and female, respectively. It can also be used to replicate the steps to assemble the symbiont genome described in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BioProject: PRJNA1090968. The olive fruit fly genome assembly workflow was performed on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - SCINet/Mississippi State University High Performance Computing Cluster (HPC) Atlas and installed via Conda. The Ca. E. dacicola genome assembly workflow was performed on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – SCINet (HPC) Ceres and installed via Conda.,