This NCEI accession consists of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, water temperature and salinity measured from discrete surface samples, taken at the site of GraysRf_81W_31N mooring in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, East Coast of the United States on 2024-03-21. Operation of the Grays Reef time-series mooring has been a multi-organization effort which has successfully collected high-resolution data since 2006. The mooring is located in the South Atlantic Bight offshore Georgia, USA and within the boundaries of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. It sits along the divide between the inner and middle shelf with water depths of 20 m. Water chemistry is primarily controlled by the middle shelf oceanic dynamics, but during heavy rain events, it can be affected by freshwater plumes coming from the numerous rivers along the Georgia and South Carolina coast. Temperature also plays a major role in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) variability with seasonal changes being apparent. During summer months, GRNMS acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere while during winter months it is a CO2 sink. The benthic community at GRNMS has proven to be hardy enduring large seasonal swings of seawater CO2 and pH.

This NCEI accession consists of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, water temperature and salinity measured from discrete surface samples, taken at the site of GraysRf_81W_31N mooring in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, East Coast of the United States on 2024-12-19. Operation of the Grays Reef time-series mooring has been a multi-organization effort which has successfully collected high-resolution data since 2006. The mooring is located in the South Atlantic Bight offshore Georgia, USA and within the boundaries of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. It sits along the divide between the inner and middle shelf with water depths of 20 m. Water chemistry is primarily controlled by the middle shelf oceanic dynamics, but during heavy rain events, it can be affected by freshwater plumes coming from the numerous rivers along the Georgia and South Carolina coast. Temperature also plays a major role in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) variability with seasonal changes being apparent. During summer months, GRNMS acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere while during winter months it is a CO2 sink. The benthic community at GRNMS has proven to be hardy enduring large seasonal swings of seawater CO2 and pH.

This NCEI accession consists of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, water temperature and salinity measured from discrete surface samples, taken at the site of GraysRf_81W_31N mooring in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, East Coast of the United States on 2024-05-26. Operation of the Grays Reef time-series mooring has been a multi-organization effort which has successfully collected high-resolution data since 2006. The mooring is located in the South Atlantic Bight offshore Georgia, USA and within the boundaries of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. It sits along the divide between the inner and middle shelf with water depths of 20 m. Water chemistry is primarily controlled by the middle shelf oceanic dynamics, but during heavy rain events, it can be affected by freshwater plumes coming from the numerous rivers along the Georgia and South Carolina coast. Temperature also plays a major role in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) variability with seasonal changes being apparent. During summer months, GRNMS acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere while during winter months it is a CO2 sink. The benthic community at GRNMS has proven to be hardy enduring large seasonal swings of seawater CO2 and pH.

This NCEI accession consists of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, water temperature and salinity measured from discrete surface samples, taken at the site of GraysRf_81W_31N mooring in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, East Coast of the United States on 2025-02-23. Operation of the Grays Reef time-series mooring has been a multi-organization effort which has successfully collected high-resolution data since 2006. The mooring is located in the South Atlantic Bight offshore Georgia, USA and within the boundaries of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. It sits along the divide between the inner and middle shelf with water depths of 20 m. Water chemistry is primarily controlled by the middle shelf oceanic dynamics, but during heavy rain events, it can be affected by freshwater plumes coming from the numerous rivers along the Georgia and South Carolina coast. Temperature also plays a major role in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) variability with seasonal changes being apparent. During summer months, GRNMS acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere while during winter months it is a CO2 sink. The benthic community at GRNMS has proven to be hardy enduring large seasonal swings of seawater CO2 and pH.

This NCEI accession consists of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, water temperature and salinity measured from discrete surface samples, taken at the site of GraysRf_81W_31N mooring in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, East Coast of the United States on 2025-06-29. Operation of the Grays Reef time-series mooring has been a multi-organization effort which has successfully collected high-resolution data since 2006. The mooring is located in the South Atlantic Bight offshore Georgia, USA and within the boundaries of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. It sits along the divide between the inner and middle shelf with water depths of 20 m. Water chemistry is primarily controlled by the middle shelf oceanic dynamics, but during heavy rain events, it can be affected by freshwater plumes coming from the numerous rivers along the Georgia and South Carolina coast. Temperature also plays a major role in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) variability with seasonal changes being apparent. During summer months, GRNMS acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere while during winter months it is a CO2 sink. The benthic community at GRNMS has proven to be hardy enduring large seasonal swings of seawater CO2 and pH.

This NCEI accession consists of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, water temperature and salinity measured from discrete surface samples, taken at the site of GraysRf_81W_31N mooring in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, East Coast of the United States on 2023-12-08. Operation of the Grays Reef time-series mooring has been a multi-organization effort which has successfully collected high-resolution data since 2006. The mooring is located in the South Atlantic Bight offshore Georgia, USA and within the boundaries of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. It sits along the divide between the inner and middle shelf with water depths of 20 m. Water chemistry is primarily controlled by the middle shelf oceanic dynamics, but during heavy rain events, it can be affected by freshwater plumes coming from the numerous rivers along the Georgia and South Carolina coast. Temperature also plays a major role in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) variability with seasonal changes being apparent. During summer months, GRNMS acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere while during winter months it is a CO2 sink. The benthic community at GRNMS has proven to be hardy enduring large seasonal swings of seawater CO2 and pH.

This dataset contains discrete bottle sample data collected from the Gray's Reef mooring, within the Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary in February. Samples were collected from the surface layer, treated with 0.1 µL of HgCl2, stored on ice, and transported to the University of Delaware for DIC and TAlk analysis. Data is used to calculate pCO2 and compared to moored observations for internal consistency and validation of time series observations.

This dataset includes chemical, discrete sample, physical and profile data collected from GAUSS in the North Atlantic Ocean from 2000-05-06 to 2000-06-06 and retrieved during cruise 06GA20000506. These data include ALKALINITY, DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, NITRATE, NITRITE, PHOSPHATE, Potential temperature (theta), SALINITY, SILICATE and WATER TEMPERATURE. The instruments used to collect these data include CTD and bottle. These data were collected by Douglas W. R. Wallace of Dalhousie University; Institute of Oceanography and Klaus-Peter Koltermann of Federal Maritime Agency - Hamburg (BSH) as part of the CARINA/06GA20000506, WOCE AR19f dataset. The CARINA (CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean) data synthesis project is an international collaborative effort of the EU IP CARBOOCEAN, and U.S. partners. It has produced a merged internally consistent dataset of open ocean subsurface measurements for biogeochemical investigations, in particular, studies involving the carbon system. The original focus area was the North Atlantic Ocean, but over time the geographic extent expanded and CARINA now includes data from the entire Atlantic, the Arctic Ocean, and the Southern Ocean.

This dataset contains monthly interpolated sea surface fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) from 1982 through 2015 is estimated from monthly atmospheric CO2, temperature, and salinity. Firstly, the disequilibrium between the observed seawater fCO2 and fCO2air (i.e., ΔfCO2; ΔfCO2 = fCO2 – fCO2air) is estimated using a bayesian-neural-network approach for each 1°×1° grid box in the MAB and the SAB. The input parameters are latitude, longitude, SST, and SSS. The output parameter is ΔfCO2. The feedforward backpropagation network is constructed by two hidden layers with tanh activation functions. The neural network is trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (Hagan and Menhaj, 1994). Then fCO2 is calculated using ΔfCO2 and fCO2air. Next, continuous monthly SST and SSS data from 1982 to 2015 are used to calculate output with the trained network to fill in SOCAT data gaps. Monthly pH, DIC, and Ωarag are calculated from fCO2 and salinity-derived TA using CO2SYS (Van Heuven et al., 2009) with the first and second dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater (K1 and K2) from Lueker et al. (2000) and borate-to-salinity ratio determined by Uppström (1974). TA is derived from salinity using their linear relationships in the MAB and the SAB (Cai et al., 2010).