PolarWindsII_DAWN_DC8_1 is the Polar Winds II - Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) - DC8 data product. Data collection for this product is complete. Beginning in the fall of 2014, NASA sponsored two airborne field campaigns, collectively called Polar Winds, designed to fly the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) lidar and other instruments to take airborne wind measurements of the Arctic atmosphere, specifically over and off the coasts of Greenland during Oct-Nov 2014 and May 2015. In particular, Polar Winds conducted a series of science experiments focusing on the measurement and analyses of lower tropospheric winds and aerosols associated with coastal katabatic flows, barrier winds, the Greenland Tip Jet, boundary layer circulations such as rolls and OLEs (Organized Large Eddies), and near surface winds over open water, transitional ice zones and the Greenland Ice Cap. Polar Winds I was based in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland and flew DAWN on board the NASA King Air UC-12B during Oct-Nov 2014 while Polar Winds II was based in Keflavik, Iceland and utilized the NASA DC-8 aircraft to fly DAWN and Dropsondes over the Arctic in May 2015. In total, twenty-four individual missions with over 80 hours of research flights were flown in the Arctic region near Greenland and Iceland during Polar Winds. The focus instrument for the wind measurements taken over the Arctic during Polar Winds was the DAWN airborne wind lidar. At a wavelength of 2.05 microns and at 250 mj per pulse, DAWN is the most powerful airborne Doppler Wind Lidar available today for airborne missions. DAWN has previously been flown on the NASA DC-8 during the 2010 Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) campaign and on the NASA C-12 for wind field characterization off the coast of Virginia. In addition to DAWN, Polar Winds utilized the High Definition Sounding System (HDSS) dropsonde delivery system developed by Yankee Environmental Services to drop almost 100 dropsondes during Polar Wind II to obtain additional high-resolution vertical wind profiles during most missions. These dropsondes also provided needed calibration/validation for the much newer DAWN measurements.

The GRIP Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar (DAWN) Dataset was collected by the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN), a pulsed lidar, which operated aboard a NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) field campaign. he major goal was to better understand how tropical storms form and develop into major hurricanes. NASA used the DC-8 aircraft, the WB-57 aircraft and the Global Hawk Unmanned Airborne System (UAS), configured with a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments that were used to observe and characterize the lifecycle of hurricanes. This campaign also capitalized on a number of ground networks and space-based assets, in addition to the instruments deployed on aircraft from Ft. Lauderdale, Florida ( DC-8), Houston, Texas (WB-57), and NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, California (Global Hawk). Data values include Line-of-Sight (LOS) Winds, calculated vertical profiles of horizontal wind velocity, frequency-domain signal energy and time versus latitude and longitude. Instrument details can be found in the dataset documentation. Data was gathered during August 24, 2010 thru September 22, 2010 over the Atlantic Ocean.

The GRIP Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar (DAWN) Dataset was collected by the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN), a pulsed lidar, which operated aboard a NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) field campaign. he major goal was to better understand how tropical storms form and develop into major hurricanes. NASA used the DC-8 aircraft, the WB-57 aircraft and the Global Hawk Unmanned Airborne System (UAS), configured with a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments that were used to observe and characterize the lifecycle of hurricanes. This campaign also capitalized on a number of ground networks and space-based assets, in addition to the instruments deployed on aircraft from Ft. Lauderdale, Florida ( DC-8), Houston, Texas (WB-57), and NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, California (Global Hawk). Data values include Line-of-Sight (LOS) Winds, calculated vertical profiles of horizontal wind velocity, frequency-domain signal energy and time versus latitude and longitude. Instrument details can be found in the dataset documentation. Data was gathered during August 24, 2010 thru September 22, 2010 over the Atlantic Ocean.

AEOLUS-CALVAL-DAWN_DC8_1 is the Aeolus CalVal DAWN (Doppler Aerosol WiNd) Lidar Wind Profiles data product. Data was collected using the DAWN instrument on the Douglas (DC-8) Aircraft. Data collection for this product is complete. NASA conducted an airborne campaign from 17 April to 30 April 2019 to: 1) demonstrate the performance of the Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar (DAWN) and High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) instruments across a range of aerosol, cloud, and weather conditions; 2) compare these measurements with the European Space Agency Aeolus mission to gain an initial perspective of Aeolus performance in preparation for a future international Aeolus Cal/Val airborne campaign; and 3) demonstrate how weather processes can be resolved and better understood through simultaneous airborne wind, water vapor (WV), and aerosol profile observations, coupled with numerical model and other remote sensing observations. Five NASA DC-8 aircraft flights, comprising 46 flight hours, were conducted over the Eastern Pacific and Southwest U.S., based out of NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center in Palmdale, CA and Kona, HI. Yankee Environmental Systems, Inc High Definition Sounding System (HDSS) eXpendable Digitial Dropsondes (XDD) were used to validate the DAWN and Aeolus wind observations. The LaRC Diode Laser Hygrometer instrument, which was integrated on the DC-8 in preparation for another NASA airborne campaign, provided in-situ WV measurements used during one flight to validate HALO and dropsonde WV profile products.

The NARSTO_SOS99NASH_WIND_PROFILER_DATA were obtained between May 19 and August 4, 1999. Wind components (u and v) were collected from five 915-MHz radar wind profilers. Availability of data for each day varies among the profilers, especially at the beginning and end of the project.The profilers and their locations were:Cornelia Fort Airpark (CFA) 36.19N, 86.70 W, 126 m MSLDickson (DIK) 36.25N, 87.37W, 225 m MSLEagleville (EGV) 35.73N, 86.60W, 228 m MSLGallatin (GAL) 36.33N, 86.40W, 171 m MSLCumberland (CMB) 36.38N, 87.65W, 136 m MSLThe number and location of range gates (vertical location of the wind measurements) was:CFA: 1st gate 146 m AGL, 64 gatesDIK, EGV, GAL: 1st gate 96 m AGL, 50 gatesCMB: 1st gate 165 m AGL, 64 gatesAll sites use 58 m range gates.Mixing depth (convective boundary layer height or zi) is given for daytime hours at each site as derived from a manual inspection of profiler reflectivity patterns. Data may be unavailable for a variety of reasons including rain, poorly defined boundary layer, or instrument outage. Data in late afternoon should be used with care even when available, since the afternoon transition is poorly understood.NARSTO (formerly North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone) is a public/private partnership, whose membership spans government, the utilities, industry, and academe throughout Mexico, the United States, and Canada. The primary mission is to coordinate and enhance policy-relevant scientific research and assessment of tropospheric pollution behavior; activities provide input for science-based decision-making and determination of workable, efficient, and effective strategies for local and regional air-pollution management. Data products from local, regional, and international monitoring and research programs are available.

**Overview** This dataset contains measurements from eight different Vaisala Triton Wind Profiler instruments. The Triton Wind Profiler is a sodar wind profiler that measures wind speed, direction, and turbulence intensity at heights from 30 m to 200 m above ground every 10 minutes. The eight Tritons are located at various sites around the WFIP2 study area. **Data Details** Regarding the minimum requirements for the site description, a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is attached with all of the AON Triton locations. Unfortunately, there are no photos of the sites. The layout of each site is simple. At all locations, the Triton Wind Profiler is placed on the ground with the solar panel facing due south. Each unit is solar powered and communicates its data via satellite, so there are no cables of any kind. Also, the specified start and end dates are for the entire AON network. Some individual units start later or end earlier. All start/end dates for the individual units are given as follows: AON1 (z17): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON2 (z14): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON3 (z18): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON4 (z12): 12/5/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON5 (z06): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON6 (z05): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 (w/gap 2016-08-01 -- 2016-09-28) AON7 (z02): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 (w/gap 2016-07-01 -- 2016-11-18) AON8 (z01): 12/7/2015 -- 4/9/2016 AON9 (z20): 11/19/2016 -- 7/31/2017 **Data Quality** The Triton firmware has a quality assessment algorithm that assigns a quality factor (“quality”) to each time/height measurement of wind, expressed as a percent value in the range 0-100. In addition, the upward Doppler velocity (“vert”) is measured and can be used as an indicator of falling precipitation, which negatively affects data quality. Two automated procedures are applied in real time as these data (level 00) are sent to the DAP. Data are set to a missing value (null in the CSV file) when either “quality” < 90% or “vert” < -1.5 m/s. Because the data level is from a real-time feed, no manual quality control (QC) has been performed. Periods of missing data are likely due to real-time glitches, many of which will be filled in once the final data retrieval and QC process are performed (level b0). Finally, for the first few months of the study, the variables provided in the real-time (level "00") files differ slightly than what is specified on this metadata web page. The header line in the earlier CSV files is fairly self-explanatory in defining the variables and units. **Uncertainty** When compared to nearby towers instrumented with cup anemometers and wind vanes, the root mean square (RMS) difference in 10-minute wind speed between the Triton and met tower typically is around 0.5 m s-1. When tested at 30 different sites in a recent validation study, the RMS difference in long-term mean wind speed between the Triton and met tower is 1.3%. **Constraints** Various meteorological and environmental conditions can lead to either weaker returns or enhanced noise, resulting in a poor measurement. The higher the target point, the more difficult it is to retrieve a strong signal. Hence, a common situation is that good data will be obtained up to some height yet not above it. The percentage of time that good data are recovered at a particular height is the data recovery rate. In a recent validation study, data recovery rates were around 98% at lower heights, slowly dropping off to 96% at 100 m, 83% at 160 m, and 70% at 200 m.

**Overview** This dataset contains measurements from eight different Vaisala Triton Wind Profiler instruments. The Triton Wind Profiler is a sodar wind profiler that measures wind speed, direction, and turbulence intensity at heights from 30 m to 200 m above ground every 10 minutes. The eight Tritons are located at various sites around the WFIP2 study area. **Data Details** Regarding the minimum requirements for the site description, a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is attached with all of the AON Triton locations. Unfortunately, there are no photos of the sites. The layout of each site is simple. At all locations, the Triton Wind Profiler is placed on the ground with the solar panel facing due south. Each unit is solar powered and communicates its data via satellite, so there are no cables of any kind. Also, the specified start and end dates are for the entire AON network. Some individual units start later or end earlier. All start/end dates for the individual units are given as follows: AON1 (z17): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON2 (z14): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON3 (z18): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON4 (z12): 12/5/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON5 (z06): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON6 (z05): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 (w/gap 2016-08-01 -- 2016-09-28) AON7 (z02): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 (w/gap 2016-07-01 -- 2016-11-18) AON8 (z01): 12/7/2015 -- 4/9/2016 AON9 (z20): 11/19/2016 -- 7/31/2017 **Data Quality** The Triton firmware has a quality assessment algorithm that assigns a quality factor (“quality” or QF) to each time/height measurement of wind, expressed as a percent value in the range 0-100. In addition, the upward Doppler velocity (“vert”) is measured and can be used as an indicator of falling precipitation, which negatively affects data quality. In this data level ("a0"), no filtering has been applied based on these two (or any other) criteria, although the two variables, QF and vertical velocity, are provided. The purpose of the a0 data level is to provide expert users an opportunity to view and quality control (QC) all the data at their discretion, using whatever filtering procedures they wish. For guidance, two commonly used filtering criteria (used in both the 00 and b0 data levels) set data to a missing value (null in the CSV file) when either “quality” < 90% or “vert” < -1.5 m/s. However, these have not been applied in this "expert version" (level b0) of the data. Note, the QF applies to all variables, except turbulence. Turbulence has its own QF, which should be used separately for filtering the turbulence variable (although vertical velocity filtering remains appropriate to perform on turbulence as well). Finally, the data have been visually inspected for time periods that are obviously suspect, and a suspect_flag is defined, which is set to "0" at times that look reasonable and to "1" at times that look obviously bad. Again, the data have not been filtered on this flag. However, the flag is provided for users to filter as they choose. **Uncertainty** When compared to nearby towers instrumented with cup anemometers and wind vanes, the root mean square (RMS) difference in 10-minute wind speed between the Triton and met tower typically is around 0.5 m s-1. When tested at 30 different sites in a recent validation study, the RMS difference in long-term mean wind speed between the Triton and met tower is 1.3%. **Constraints** Various meteorological and environmental conditions can lead to either weaker returns or enhanced noise, resulting in a poor measurement. The higher the target point, the more difficult it is to retrieve a strong signal. Hence, a common situation is that good data will be obtained up to some height then not above it. The percentage of time that good data are recovered at a particular height is the data recovery rate. In a recent validation study, data recovery rates were around 98% at lower heights, slowly dropping off to 96% at 100 m, 83% at 160 m, and 70% at 200 m.