PolarWindsI_DAWN_KingAirUC-12B is the Polar Winds I - Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) - KingAirUC-12B data product. Data for this was collected using the DAWN instrument flown on the NASA Langley Beechcraft UC-12B Huron aircraft. Data collection for this product is complete. Polar Winds I was based in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland and flew DAWN on board the NASA King Air UC-12B during Oct-Nov 2014 while Polar Winds II was based in Keflavik, Iceland and utilized the NASA DC-8 aircraft to fly DAWN and Dropsondes over the Arctic in May 2015. In total, twenty-four individual missions with over 80 hours of research flights were flown in the Arctic region near Greenland and Iceland during Polar Winds. The focus instrument for the wind measurements taken over the Arctic during Polar Winds was the DAWN airborne wind lidar. At a wavelength of 2.05 microns and at 250 mj per pulse, DAWN is the most powerful airborne Doppler Wind Lidar available today for airborne missions. DAWN has previously been flown on the NASA DC-8 during the 2010 Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) campaign and on the NASA UC-12 for wind field characterization off the coast of Virginia. In addition to DAWN, Polar Winds utilized the High Definition Sounding System (HDSS) dropsonde delivery system developed by Yankee Environmental Services to drop almost 100 dropsondes during Polar Wind II to obtain additional high-resolution vertical wind profiles during most missions. These dropsondes also provided needed calibration/validation for the much newer DAWN measurements. Beginning in the fall of 2014, NASA sponsored two airborne field campaigns, collectively called Polar Winds, designed to fly the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) lidar and other instruments to take airborne wind measurements of the Arctic atmosphere, specifically over and off the coasts of Greenland during Oct-Nov 2014 and May 2015. In particular, Polar Winds conducted a series of science experiments focusing on the measurement and analyses of lower tropospheric winds and aerosols associated with coastal katabatic flows, barrier winds, the Greenland Tip Jet, boundary layer circulations such as rolls and OLEs (Organized Large Eddies), and near surface winds over open water, transitional ice zones and the Greenland Ice Cap.

The GRIP Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar (DAWN) Dataset was collected by the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN), a pulsed lidar, which operated aboard a NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) field campaign. he major goal was to better understand how tropical storms form and develop into major hurricanes. NASA used the DC-8 aircraft, the WB-57 aircraft and the Global Hawk Unmanned Airborne System (UAS), configured with a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments that were used to observe and characterize the lifecycle of hurricanes. This campaign also capitalized on a number of ground networks and space-based assets, in addition to the instruments deployed on aircraft from Ft. Lauderdale, Florida ( DC-8), Houston, Texas (WB-57), and NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, California (Global Hawk). Data values include Line-of-Sight (LOS) Winds, calculated vertical profiles of horizontal wind velocity, frequency-domain signal energy and time versus latitude and longitude. Instrument details can be found in the dataset documentation. Data was gathered during August 24, 2010 thru September 22, 2010 over the Atlantic Ocean.

CPEXAW-DAWN_DC8_1 are the Doppler Aerosol WiNd lidar (DAWN) image and NetCDF data files collected during the Convective Processes Experiment - Aerosols & Winds (CPEX-AW) onboard the DC-8 aircraft. Data collection for this product is complete. The Convective Processes Experiment – Aerosols & Winds (CPEX-AW) campaign was a joint effort between the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) with the primary goal of conducting a post-launch calibration and validation activities of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission-Aeolus (ADM-AEOLUS) Earth observation wind Lidar satellite in St. Croix. CPEX-AW is a follow-on to the Convective Processes Experiment (CPEX) field campaign which took place in the summer of 2017. In addition to joint calibration/validation of ADM-AEOLUS, CPEX-AW studied the dynamics related to the Saharan Air Layer, African Easterly Waves and Jets, Tropical Easterly Jet, and deep convection in the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). CPEX-AW science goals include: • Better understanding interactions of convective cloud systems and tropospheric winds as part of the joint NASA-ESA Aeolus Cal/Val effort over the tropical Atlantic; • Observing the vertical structure and variability of the marine boundary layer in relation to initiation and lifecycle of the convective cloud systems, convective processes (e.g., cold pools), and environmental conditions within and across the ITCZ; • Investigating how the African easterly waves and dry air and dust associated with Sahara Air Layer control the convectively suppressed and active periods of the ITCZ; • Investigating interactions of wind, aerosol, clouds, and precipitation and effects on long range dust transport and air quality over the western Atlantic. In order to successfully achieve the objectives of the campaign, NASA deployed its DC-8 aircraft equipped with an Airborne Third Generation Precipitation Radar (APR-3), Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar (DAWN), High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO), High Altitude Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR), and dropsondes. This campaign aims to provide useful material to atmospheric scientists, meteorologists, lidar experts, air quality experts, professors, and students. The Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) archives the dropsonde, HALO, and DAWN data products for CPEX-AW. For additional datasets please visit the Global Hydrometeorology Resource Center (GHRC).

AEOLUS-CALVAL-DAWN_DC8_1 is the Aeolus CalVal DAWN (Doppler Aerosol WiNd) Lidar Wind Profiles data product. Data was collected using the DAWN instrument on the Douglas (DC-8) Aircraft. Data collection for this product is complete. NASA conducted an airborne campaign from 17 April to 30 April 2019 to: 1) demonstrate the performance of the Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar (DAWN) and High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) instruments across a range of aerosol, cloud, and weather conditions; 2) compare these measurements with the European Space Agency Aeolus mission to gain an initial perspective of Aeolus performance in preparation for a future international Aeolus Cal/Val airborne campaign; and 3) demonstrate how weather processes can be resolved and better understood through simultaneous airborne wind, water vapor (WV), and aerosol profile observations, coupled with numerical model and other remote sensing observations. Five NASA DC-8 aircraft flights, comprising 46 flight hours, were conducted over the Eastern Pacific and Southwest U.S., based out of NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center in Palmdale, CA and Kona, HI. Yankee Environmental Systems, Inc High Definition Sounding System (HDSS) eXpendable Digitial Dropsondes (XDD) were used to validate the DAWN and Aeolus wind observations. The LaRC Diode Laser Hygrometer instrument, which was integrated on the DC-8 in preparation for another NASA airborne campaign, provided in-situ WV measurements used during one flight to validate HALO and dropsonde WV profile products.

CPEXCV-DAWN_DC8_1 are the Doppler Aerosol WiNd lidar (DAWN) image and NetCDF data files collected during the Convective Processes Experiment - Cabo Verde (CPEX-CV) onboard the DC-8 aircraft. Data collection for this product is complete. Seeking to better understand atmospheric processes in regions with little data, the Convective Processes Experiment – Cabo Verde (CPEX-CV) campaign conducted by NASA is a continuation of the CPEX – Aerosols & Winds (CPEX-AW) campaign that took place between August to September 2021. The campaign will take place between 1-30 September 2022 and will operate out of Sal Island, Cabo Verde with the primary goal of investigating atmospheric dynamics, marine boundary layer properties, convection, the dust-laden Saharan Air Layer, and their interactions across various spatial scales to improve understanding and predictability of process-level lifecycles in the data-sparse tropical East Atlantic region. CPEX-CV will work towards its goal by addressing four main science objectives. The first goal is to improve understanding of the interaction between large-scale environmental forcings such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), Saharan Air Layer, African easterly waves, and mid-level African easterly jet, and the lifecycle and properties of convective cloud systems, including tropical cyclone precursors, in the tropical East Atlantic region. Next, observations will be made about how local kinematic and thermodynamic conditions, including the vertical structure and variability of the marine boundary layer, relate to the initiation and lifecycle of convective cloud systems and their processes. Third, CPEX-CV will investigate how dynamical and convective processes affect size dependent Saharan dust vertical structure, long-range Saharan dust transport, and boundary layer exchange pathways. The last objective will be to assess the impact of CPEX-CV observations of atmospheric winds, thermodynamics, clouds, and aerosols on the prediction of tropical Atlantic weather systems and validate and interpret spaceborne remote sensors that provide similar measurements. To achieve these objectives, the NASA DC-8 aircraft will be deployed with remote sensing instruments and dropsondes that will allow for the measurement of tropospheric aerosols, winds, temperature, water vapor, and precipitation. Instruments onboard the aircraft include the Airborne Third Generation Precipitation Radar (APR-3), lidars such as the Doppler Aerosol WiNd Lidar (DAWN), High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO), High Altitude Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Sounding Radiometer (HAMSR), Advanced Vertical Atmospheric Profiling System (AVAPS) dropsonde system, Cloud Aerosol and Precipitation Spectrometer (CAPS), and the Airborne In-situ and Radio Occultation (AIRO) instrument. Measurements taken by CPEX-CV will assist in moving science forward from previous CPEX and CPEX-AW missions, the calibration and validation of satellite measurements, and the development of airborne sensors, especially those with potential for satellite deployment.

DC3_MetNav_AircraftInSitu_NSF-GV-HIAPER_Data are in-situ meteorological and navigational data collected onboard the NSF/NCAR GV-HIAPER aircraft during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. Data collection for this product is complete. The Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign sought to understand the dynamical, physical, and lightning processes of deep, mid-latitude continental convective clouds and to define the impact of these clouds on upper tropospheric composition and chemistry. DC3 was conducted from May to June 2012 with a base location of Salina, Kansas. Observations were conducted in northeastern Colorado, west Texas to central Oklahoma, and northern Alabama in order to provide a wide geographic sample of storm types and boundary layer compositions, as well as to sample convection. DC3 had two primary science objectives. The first was to investigate storm dynamics and physics, lightning and its production of nitrogen oxides, cloud hydrometeor effects on wet deposition of species, surface emission variability, and chemistry in anvil clouds. Observations related to this objective focused on the early stages of active convection. The second objective was to investigate changes in upper tropospheric chemistry and composition after active convection. Observations related to this objective focused on the 12-48 hours following convection. This objective also served to explore seasonal change of upper tropospheric chemistry. In addition to using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream-V (GV) aircraft, the NASA DC-8 was used during DC3 to provide in-situ measurements of the convective storm inflow and remotely-sensed measurements used for flight planning and column characterization. DC3 utilized ground-based radar networks spread across its observation area to measure the physical and kinematic characteristics of storms. Additional sampling strategies relied on lightning mapping arrays, radiosondes, and precipitation collection. Lastly, DC3 used data collected from various satellite instruments to achieve its goals, focusing on measurements from CALIOP onboard CALIPSO and CPL onboard CloudSat. In addition to providing an extensive set of data related to deep, mid-latitude continental convective clouds and analyzing their impacts on upper tropospheric composition and chemistry, DC3 improved models used to predict convective transport. DC3 improved knowledge of convection and chemistry, and provided information necessary to understanding the processes relating to ozone in the upper troposphere.

**Overview** This dataset contains measurements from eight different Vaisala Triton Wind Profiler instruments. The Triton Wind Profiler is a sodar wind profiler that measures wind speed, direction, and turbulence intensity at heights from 30 m to 200 m above ground every 10 minutes. The eight Tritons are located at various sites around the WFIP2 study area. **Data Details** Regarding the minimum requirements for the site description, a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is attached with all of the AON Triton locations. Unfortunately, there are no photos of the sites. The layout of each site is simple. At all locations, the Triton Wind Profiler is placed on the ground with the solar panel facing due south. Each unit is solar powered and communicates its data via satellite, so there are no cables of any kind. Also, the specified start and end dates are for the entire AON network. Some individual units start later or end earlier. All start/end dates for the individual units are given as follows: AON1 (z17): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON2 (z14): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON3 (z18): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON4 (z12): 12/5/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON5 (z06): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON6 (z05): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 (w/gap 2016-08-01 -- 2016-09-28) AON7 (z02): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 (w/gap 2016-07-01 -- 2016-11-18) AON8 (z01): 12/7/2015 -- 4/9/2016 AON9 (z20): 11/19/2016 -- 7/31/2017 **Data Quality** The Triton firmware has a quality assessment algorithm that assigns a quality factor (“quality” or QF) to each time/height measurement of wind, expressed as a percent value in the range 0-100. In addition, the upward Doppler velocity (“vert”) is measured and can be used as an indicator of falling precipitation, which negatively affects data quality. In this data level ("a0"), no filtering has been applied based on these two (or any other) criteria, although the two variables, QF and vertical velocity, are provided. The purpose of the a0 data level is to provide expert users an opportunity to view and quality control (QC) all the data at their discretion, using whatever filtering procedures they wish. For guidance, two commonly used filtering criteria (used in both the 00 and b0 data levels) set data to a missing value (null in the CSV file) when either “quality” < 90% or “vert” < -1.5 m/s. However, these have not been applied in this "expert version" (level b0) of the data. Note, the QF applies to all variables, except turbulence. Turbulence has its own QF, which should be used separately for filtering the turbulence variable (although vertical velocity filtering remains appropriate to perform on turbulence as well). Finally, the data have been visually inspected for time periods that are obviously suspect, and a suspect_flag is defined, which is set to "0" at times that look reasonable and to "1" at times that look obviously bad. Again, the data have not been filtered on this flag. However, the flag is provided for users to filter as they choose. **Uncertainty** When compared to nearby towers instrumented with cup anemometers and wind vanes, the root mean square (RMS) difference in 10-minute wind speed between the Triton and met tower typically is around 0.5 m s-1. When tested at 30 different sites in a recent validation study, the RMS difference in long-term mean wind speed between the Triton and met tower is 1.3%. **Constraints** Various meteorological and environmental conditions can lead to either weaker returns or enhanced noise, resulting in a poor measurement. The higher the target point, the more difficult it is to retrieve a strong signal. Hence, a common situation is that good data will be obtained up to some height then not above it. The percentage of time that good data are recovered at a particular height is the data recovery rate. In a recent validation study, data recovery rates were around 98% at lower heights, slowly dropping off to 96% at 100 m, 83% at 160 m, and 70% at 200 m.

DC3_Miscellaneous_DC8_Data are miscellaneous data collected onboard the DC-8 aircraft during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. This product features data from the Global Forecast System (GFS) model. Data collection for this product is complete. The Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign sought to understand the dynamical, physical, and lightning processes of deep, mid-latitude continental convective clouds and to define the impact of these clouds on upper tropospheric composition and chemistry. DC3 was conducted from May to June 2012 with a base location of Salina, Kansas. Observations were conducted in northeastern Colorado, west Texas to central Oklahoma, and northern Alabama in order to provide a wide geographic sample of storm types and boundary layer compositions, as well as to sample convection. DC3 had two primary science objectives. The first was to investigate storm dynamics and physics, lightning and its production of nitrogen oxides, cloud hydrometeor effects on wet deposition of species, surface emission variability, and chemistry in anvil clouds. Observations related to this objective focused on the early stages of active convection. The second objective was to investigate changes in upper tropospheric chemistry and composition after active convection. Observations related to this objective focused on the 12-48 hours following convection. This objective also served to explore seasonal change of upper tropospheric chemistry. In addition to using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream-V (GV) aircraft, the NASA DC-8 was used during DC3 to provide in-situ measurements of the convective storm inflow and remotely-sensed measurements used for flight planning and column characterization. DC3 utilized ground-based radar networks spread across its observation area to measure the physical and kinematic characteristics of storms. Additional sampling strategies relied on lightning mapping arrays, radiosondes, and precipitation collection. Lastly, DC3 used data collected from various satellite instruments to achieve its goals, focusing on measurements from CALIOP onboard CALIPSO and CPL onboard CloudSat. In addition to providing an extensive set of data related to deep, mid-latitude continental convective clouds and analyzing their impacts on upper tropospheric composition and chemistry, DC3 improved models used to predict convective transport. DC3 improved knowledge of convection and chemistry, and provided information necessary to understanding the processes relating to ozone in the upper troposphere.

SOLVE2_Analysis_DC8_Data contains modeled trajectories and meteorological data along the flight path for the DC-8 aircraft collected during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment II (SOLVE II). Data collection for this product is complete. The SOLVE campaign was a NASA multi-program effort of the Upper Atmosphere Research Program (UARP), Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP), Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling and Analysis Program (ACMAP) and Earth Observing System (EOS) of NASA’s Earth Science Enterprise (ESE). SOLVE’s primary objective was for calibrating and validating the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III satellite measurements, while examining the processes that controlled ozone levels at a mid- to high-latitude range. The major goal of SAGE III was to quantitatively assess ozone loss at high latitudes. SOLVE was a two-phase experiment, the first phase, SOLVE, occurred during the fall of 1999 through the spring of 2000. The second phase, SOLVE II, occurred during the winter of 2003. SOLVE took place in the Arctic high-latitude region during the winter. The polar ozone depletion processes cause by human-produced chlorine and bromine are most active in mid-to-late winter and early spring in the high Arctic. In order to conduct this validation experiment, NASA deployed the NASA ER-2 aircraft and NASA DC-8 aircraft. The ER-2 measured a variety of atmospheric data, including ozone (O3), H2O, CO2, ClONO2, HCl, ClO/BrO, and Cl2O2. The DC-8 aircraft measured ozone, ClO/BrO, and aerosol, among other atmospheric data. SOLVE also utilized balloon platforms, ground-based instruments, and collaborations with the German Aerospace Center’s (DLR) FALCON aircraft equipped with the OLEX Lidar to achieve the mission objectives. Overall, the campaign had 28 flights, with SOLVE featuring 17 total flights among the different aircrafts and SOLVE II featuring 11 flights.

**Overview** This dataset contains measurements from eight different Vaisala Triton Wind Profiler instruments. The Triton Wind Profiler is a sodar wind profiler that measures wind speed, direction, and turbulence intensity at heights from 30 m to 200 m above ground every 10 minutes. The eight Tritons are located at various sites around the WFIP2 study area. **Data Details** Regarding the minimum requirements for the site description, a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is attached with all of the AON Triton locations. Unfortunately, there are no photos of the sites. The layout of each site is simple. At all locations, the Triton Wind Profiler is placed on the ground with the solar panel facing due south. Each unit is solar powered and communicates its data via satellite, so there are no cables of any kind. Also, the specified start and end dates are for the entire AON network. Some individual units start later or end earlier. All start/end dates for the individual units are given as follows: AON1 (z17): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON2 (z14): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON3 (z18): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON4 (z12): 12/5/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON5 (z06): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 AON6 (z05): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 (w/gap 2016-08-01 -- 2016-09-28) AON7 (z02): 10/1/2015 -- 7/31/2017 (w/gap 2016-07-01 -- 2016-11-18) AON8 (z01): 12/7/2015 -- 4/9/2016 AON9 (z20): 11/19/2016 -- 7/31/2017 **Data Quality** The Triton firmware has a quality assessment algorithm that assigns a quality factor (“quality” or QF) to each time/height measurement of wind, expressed as a percent value in the range 0-100. In addition, the upward Doppler velocity (“vert”) is measured and can be used as an indicator of falling precipitation, which negatively affects data quality. In this data level ("a0"), no filtering has been applied based on these two (or any other) criteria, although the two variables, QF and vertical velocity, are provided. The purpose of the a0 data level is to provide expert users an opportunity to view and quality control (QC) all the data at their discretion, using whatever filtering procedures they wish. For guidance, two commonly used filtering criteria (used in both the 00 and b0 data levels) set data to a missing value (null in the CSV file) when either “quality” < 90% or “vert” < -1.5 m/s. However, these have not been applied in this "expert version" (level b0) of the data. Note, the QF applies to all variables, except turbulence. Turbulence has its own QF, which should be used separately for filtering the turbulence variable (although vertical velocity filtering remains appropriate to perform on turbulence as well). Finally, the data have been visually inspected for time periods that are obviously suspect, and a suspect_flag is defined, which is set to "0" at times that look reasonable and to "1" at times that look obviously bad. Again, the data have not been filtered on this flag. However, the flag is provided for users to filter as they choose. **Uncertainty** When compared to nearby towers instrumented with cup anemometers and wind vanes, the root mean square (RMS) difference in 10-minute wind speed between the Triton and met tower typically is around 0.5 m s-1. When tested at 30 different sites in a recent validation study, the RMS difference in long-term mean wind speed between the Triton and met tower is 1.3%. **Constraints** Various meteorological and environmental conditions can lead to either weaker returns or enhanced noise, resulting in a poor measurement. The higher the target point, the more difficult it is to retrieve a strong signal. Hence, a common situation is that good data will be obtained up to some height then not above it. The percentage of time that good data are recovered at a particular height is the data recovery rate. In a recent validation study, data recovery rates were around 98% at lower heights, slowly dropping off to 96% at 100 m, 83% at 160 m, and 70% at 200 m.